In numerous studies conducted during last four decades, information on changes in morphological and physiological responses of cotton plant grown on alkaline calcareous soils under various nitrogen levels and moisture stresses at different growth stages was lacking. This study was executed to test the hypothesis whether moisture stress at certain growth stages of cotton may help to save irrigation water and nitrogen in certain genotypes without significant yield and fibre quality losses as compared to well water application coupled with higher levels of nitrogen. The objectives were also to investigate the impact of nitrogen and moisture stress interaction on plant growth, rooting pattern, dry matter partitioning, seed cotton yield, and fibre quality of cotton. Field and a glasshouse experiments were conducted (2008-12) at Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology (NIAB), Faisalabad. In field experiments RCBD split-split plot design was used. Factors were: Genotypes (V), moisture stresses (I), and nitrogen (N). Genotypes (main plots) with three treatments were; V1 = NIAB-846, V2 = NIAB-824, and V3 = CIM-496; I (split plot) treatments were; I1 = local control (LC), eight irrigations as recommended locally, I2 = moisture stress at inter-node elongation stage (MSI), I3 = moisture stress at vegetative growth stage (MSV), and I4 = moisture stress at inter-node elongation and vegetative growth stage (MSI + MSV); and N levels (split-split plots) were; N1 = 50 kg ha-1, N2 = 100 kg ha-1, N3 = 150 kg ha-1. In glasshouse experiment CRD design was used with genotypes, moisture stress, and nitrogen factors: moisture stress treatments were; S1 = control, (water application (50% ASMDL); S2 = moisture stress at inter-node elongation stage (80% ASMDL, (MSI); S3 = moisture stress at vegetative growth stage at 80% ASMDL, (MSV); S4 = moisture stress at inter-node elongation and vegetative growth stage at 80% ASMDL, (MSI+MSV); nitrogen levels; N1 = 25 mg kg-1 of soil, N2 = 50 mg kg-1 of soil, and N3 = 75 mg kg-1 of soil, and genotypes were; V1 = NIAB-846, and V2 = CIM-496. Agronomic, physiological, growth, and fibre quality traits of cotton were significantly affected by interaction effects. During 2008, highest seed cotton yield (SCY) of 5709 kg ha-1 was achieved by I3 × N3 × V2 treatment, followed by 5634 kg ha-1 SCY by I1 × N1 × V2. In NIAB-846, highest SCY (5469 kg ha-1) was obtained by I1 × N3 × V1 treatment and 4843 kg ha-1 SCY in I3 × N2 × V1 treatment. In CIM-496, highest SCY of 5296 kg ha-1 was achieved in I2 × N2 × V3 treatment. During 2009, NIAB-846 gave greater SCY of 4871 kg ha-1 by I3 × N3 × V1 followed by 4798 kg ha-1 by I1 × N1 × V1 treatment. NIAB-824 produced highest SCY, 4853 kg ha-1, by I3 × N1 × V2. In CIM-496 highest SCY was obtained by I1 × N3 × V3 and I3 × N2 × V3 treatments. In glass-house experiment, highest SCY plant-1 by S2 × N1 × V1 and S3 × N1 × V1 was obtained as 118 and 115 g plant-1. Economic analysis of interaction effects indicate maximum net benefit and benefit cost ratios in; NIAB-846 that may save 66% N and 12.5% irrigation water, NIAB-824 can save 12.5% irrigation water with 150 kg N ha-1, and CIM-496 may save 33% N and 12.5% irrigation water as compared to the traditionally recommended N and irrigation amounts for cotton production in Pakistan.
حضرت عبدالمطلب کی کفالت اعتراض نمبر ۶۴ کفار اسلام نہ قبول کرنے کا بہانہ بناتے تھے کہ وہ دین آباء پر قائم ہیں ۔ آبائی روایات کا علمبردار ہونے اور مذہبی صداقت کا مخالف ہونے کی وجہ سے آباو اجداد پر قرآن حکیم جو حملے کرتا ہے ، ممکن ہے ان حملوں کے پیچھے محمدﷺ کی وہ لا شعوری تلخی کار فرما ہوجو ان کے دل میں اس وجہ سے پیدا ہو گئی تھی کہ ان کے آباء نے بچپن میں انھیں بے یارومددگار چھوڑ دیا تھا‘‘( ضیا النبی۷ــ/۴۱۲) (۲)بعض حضرات کا کہنا ہے کہ بہت کچھ ہوتے ہوئے عبدالمطلب نے اپنے پوتے کو بے یارو مدد گار چھوڑ دیا تھا اور حضور ﷺ پر خرچ نہ کرتے تھے ۔(سیرت النبی اعلان نبوت سے پہلے ۔۲۸۸) ۳۔سر ولیم میور کہتا ہے کہ جب ’’آنحضرت(ﷺ) دادا کے جنازہ کے ہمراہ قبرستان حجر کو گئے تو لوگوں نے ان کو روتے دیکھا۔‘‘ ۴۔مارگولیس کو دادا (عبدالمطلب) اپنے پوتے (محمدﷺ) پر مہربان نظر نہیں آتا ۔(سیرت النبی ) جواب:’’واٹ‘‘ جانتا ہے کہ آپ ﷺکے والد کا انتقال آپ ﷺکی پیدائش سے چند ہفتے پہلے ہو گیا تھا۔ دادا جان نے نہایت ذمہ داری سے آپ کی نگہداشت کی، مرتے دم تک کسی کمی کا احساس تک نہ ہونے دیا۔ ان کی وفات کے بعد آپﷺ کے چچا ابو طالب نے کفالت کی ذمہ داری سنبھالی اور کفار کی دشمنی حد سے بڑھی توپہاڑ جیسی مخالفت کا مردانہ وار مقابلہ کیااور آپ کا ساتھ کسی موڑ پر بھی نہ چھوڑا۔ یہی وہ چچا ہیں جس نے نکاح کا خطبہ پڑھا،مقاطعہ قریش میں اڑھائی سال تک مصائب کے طوفان کا مقابلہ کیااور اپنے بھتیجے کی طرف ہر آنے والے دکھ کو دور کرنے کی بھرپور کوشش کی۔ آپ کا چچا زبیر ؓانھیں گود میں لیے لوریاں دیتا نظر آتا ہے۔ آپﷺ کو...
This Paper analyses the causes of the domestic violence against female beggars and their impacts on their lives. The paper is strictly limited to Taluka Qasimabad, District Hyderabad. The domestic violence against women exits in various forms. However, it is pretty horrible in the form being inflicted against female beggars in Qasimabad. The scores of causes for the domestic violence against female beggars range from rising poverty to population explosions with deep physical and mental impacts on the sufferers. For data collection qualitative research through Focused Group discussion method has been used through snow ball technique. 10 Cases of female beggars have been opted for the FGDs out of which two participated with their social backgrounds. The study concludes the pathetic condition of the female beggars due to multiple factors and their serious implications both physically as well as mentally. The study recommends prompt action from the Government as well as social scientist to go deep further in the social issues such as violence against the female beggars. Simultaneously there is immediate intervention of Government and the concerned department to address these issues on emergent basis as the number is likely to reach an alarming level.
Complete genome of HBV is almost 3200 base pair long having semicircular shaped double stranded DNA, so far classified into ten genotypes labeled A to J, about 40 sub genotypes and 4 serotypes adr, adw, ayr, ayw. Distribution of HBV genotype D and sub genotype D1 is mostly predominant in Pakistan and India about more than 80% among all genotypes of HBV. While it is less dominant in China where genotype B and C predominates. Focus of this study is the computational analysis of HBV genotype D sub genotype D1 comprising Sequence analysis done using PROBCONS, Phylogenetic analysis performed by MEGA software program, Gene structure analysis using GSDS 2.0 version and Protein structure analysis using BLASTP and SWISS-MODEL.For all these analysis sample of 54 complete genome sequences of HBV genotype D sub genotype D1 were used. Representation of 3 selected countries was subject to the availability of data at Genbank. Six complete genome sequences were obtained from Pakistan 14 from China and 34 sequences were from India. Sequence alignment shows less than 4% divergence in reported sequences from Pakistan, India and China. C and X genes showed divergence of less than 3%. While comparison over the S gene showed similarity ratio of genotype D sub genotype D1 is 97?98%. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that Pakistan HBV, complete genome isolate have the closest evolutionary relationship with its neighboring countries China and India. Sub genotype D1 isolates from China (HQ833466) and Pakistan (AB583680.1) share same ancestor. Gene structure showed coding region exons of ?P? gene is largest about 75% of the gene size while gene ?S? has 2nd largest coding region. However, ?C? and ?X? genes have one smallest exon. Using BLASTP Protein structure showed that similar kind of proteins from different sequences share identical structure format. X proteins were 92% identical, both of Polymerase and Middle S proteins were 99% identical, large surface and pre-core/core proteins have 98% similar structural features relative to its own type. Results from all three X proteins homology models using SWISS MODEL revealed GMQE=0.1. Global and local quality estimate scores including Z-scores for QMEAN CBeta, All Atom, Solvation and Torsion Energy scores were similar indicating good quality, accuracy and reliability of predicted models. 3D visualization showed similar structures and Ramachandran plots showed high percentage of protein residues into favorable region for X Protein Models.