In numerous studies conducted during last four decades, information on changes in morphological and physiological responses of cotton plant grown on alkaline calcareous soils under various nitrogen levels and moisture stresses at different growth stages was lacking. This study was executed to test the hypothesis whether moisture stress at certain growth stages of cotton may help to save irrigation water and nitrogen in certain genotypes without significant yield and fibre quality losses as compared to well water application coupled with higher levels of nitrogen. The objectives were also to investigate the impact of nitrogen and moisture stress interaction on plant growth, rooting pattern, dry matter partitioning, seed cotton yield, and fibre quality of cotton. Field and a glasshouse experiments were conducted (2008-12) at Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology (NIAB), Faisalabad. In field experiments RCBD split-split plot design was used. Factors were: Genotypes (V), moisture stresses (I), and nitrogen (N). Genotypes (main plots) with three treatments were; V1 = NIAB-846, V2 = NIAB-824, and V3 = CIM-496; I (split plot) treatments were; I1 = local control (LC), eight irrigations as recommended locally, I2 = moisture stress at inter-node elongation stage (MSI), I3 = moisture stress at vegetative growth stage (MSV), and I4 = moisture stress at inter-node elongation and vegetative growth stage (MSI + MSV); and N levels (split-split plots) were; N1 = 50 kg ha-1, N2 = 100 kg ha-1, N3 = 150 kg ha-1. In glasshouse experiment CRD design was used with genotypes, moisture stress, and nitrogen factors: moisture stress treatments were; S1 = control, (water application (50% ASMDL); S2 = moisture stress at inter-node elongation stage (80% ASMDL, (MSI); S3 = moisture stress at vegetative growth stage at 80% ASMDL, (MSV); S4 = moisture stress at inter-node elongation and vegetative growth stage at 80% ASMDL, (MSI+MSV); nitrogen levels; N1 = 25 mg kg-1 of soil, N2 = 50 mg kg-1 of soil, and N3 = 75 mg kg-1 of soil, and genotypes were; V1 = NIAB-846, and V2 = CIM-496. Agronomic, physiological, growth, and fibre quality traits of cotton were significantly affected by interaction effects. During 2008, highest seed cotton yield (SCY) of 5709 kg ha-1 was achieved by I3 × N3 × V2 treatment, followed by 5634 kg ha-1 SCY by I1 × N1 × V2. In NIAB-846, highest SCY (5469 kg ha-1) was obtained by I1 × N3 × V1 treatment and 4843 kg ha-1 SCY in I3 × N2 × V1 treatment. In CIM-496, highest SCY of 5296 kg ha-1 was achieved in I2 × N2 × V3 treatment. During 2009, NIAB-846 gave greater SCY of 4871 kg ha-1 by I3 × N3 × V1 followed by 4798 kg ha-1 by I1 × N1 × V1 treatment. NIAB-824 produced highest SCY, 4853 kg ha-1, by I3 × N1 × V2. In CIM-496 highest SCY was obtained by I1 × N3 × V3 and I3 × N2 × V3 treatments. In glass-house experiment, highest SCY plant-1 by S2 × N1 × V1 and S3 × N1 × V1 was obtained as 118 and 115 g plant-1. Economic analysis of interaction effects indicate maximum net benefit and benefit cost ratios in; NIAB-846 that may save 66% N and 12.5% irrigation water, NIAB-824 can save 12.5% irrigation water with 150 kg N ha-1, and CIM-496 may save 33% N and 12.5% irrigation water as compared to the traditionally recommended N and irrigation amounts for cotton production in Pakistan.
فصل دوم : حدود قوانین کے عدم نفاذ کی وجوہات پاکستان میں اسلامی قوانین کی عملی تنفیذ کا اگر جائزہ لیا جائے تو یہ بات سامنے آتی ہے کہ اس حوالے سے سب سے زیا دہ کوششیں محمد ضیاء الحق کے دور میں ہوئی ہیں ۔ اس گیارہ سالہ دور اقتدار میں اسلامی قانون سازی کے لیے کئی اقدامات کیے گئے ۔ ضیاء الحق کا سیاسی کردار اور قانون سازی کے سلسلے میں کیے گئے اقدامات کے اسباب ومحرکات اپنی جگہ، لیکن یہ کہے بغیر نہیں رہا جا سکتا کہ انہوں نے فی الواقع اسلامی قوانین کے لیے جو اقدامات کیے ان کے مثبت نتائج برآمد ہوئے ہیں ، تاہم اس حوالے سے مختلف آراء پائی جاتی ہیں ۔ افرط و تفریط سے بچتے ہوئے اگر غیر جانبداری اور معروضیت سے جائزہ لیا جائے تو قانون سازی کے سلسلے میں ان کے قابل قدر اقدامات کے باوجود معاشرے پر نمایاں اثرات نظر نہیں آئے ۔ اس کی مندرجہ ذیل چندوجوہات ہو سکتی ہیں: الف) ضیاء الحق قوانین کو اسلامیانے کےپروگرام کے حق میں عوام کو فعال طریقے سے متحرک نہ کر سکے ۔ اس کی کئی وجوہات ہو سکتی ہیں ، جن میں سے ایک وجہ یہ ہےکہ ان کا تعلق فوج سے تھا اور وہ عوامی مینڈیٹ لے کر نہیں آئے تھے، نہ انہوں نے سیاسی جماعت بنانے یا کسی سیاسی جماعت کو اپنانے یا عوام سے براہ راست رابطہ قائم کرنے کی کو شش کی ۔ ایک ریفرنڈم انہوں نے اس مقصد کے لیے ضرور کرایا لیکن وہ اتنا مصنو عی تھا کہ وہ اپنا وزن منوانہ سکا ۔ ب)انہیں فعال اور مؤثر دینی عناصر کی حمایت بھی حا صل نہ تھی ۔ اس کی متعدد وجوہ ہوسکتی ہیں لیکن یہ بھی ایک حقیقت ہے کہ اس ملک میں دینی حوالے سے کوئی کام...
Background: Black Cumin/Nigella sativa (NS) which belongs to the botanical family of Ranunculaceae commonly grows in Eastern Europe, the Middle East, and Western Asia. Its prolonged use can produce physiological changes with or without affecting the architecture of different organs like the heart (cardiac remodeling). The data for the cardiovascular benefits of black cumin are not well-established scientifically. Objectives: To determine the direct cardiovascular effects of Nigella Sativa extract on heart rate, cardiac contractility (apical force), ECG, and coronary flow in the normal heart with and without cardiac remodeling. Methods: This experimental study was conducted on forty-two (42) rabbits. These rabbits were divided into seven groups, each comprising six animals (Group I-VI without cardiac remodeling and Group VII with cardiac remodeling). NS was given to these groups in different doses i.e, Group I (NS=10ug), Group II (NS=30ug), Group III (NS=100ug), Group IV (NS=300ug), Group V (NS=3000ug), Group VI (NS=10000ug) and VII (NS=300ug). Radnoti's working heart system was used to determine the effects of NS on heart rate, cardiac contractility (apical Force), ECG, and coronary flow in a normal heart with and without cardiac remodeling. The results were analyzed using SPSS version 28. Results: Results of this study revealed negative chronotropic and positive inotropic effects without ECG changes in the normal heart and with ECG changes in the remodeled heart. Conclusions: Prolonged use of Nigella sativa can lead to disturbed ECG by affecting the conducting tissue.
A sound education in mathematics is important for any modern knowledge based economy. Mathematics is now important in many areas where it has not previously played much of role, for example, in biology, social sciences etc. If the proper mathematical foundations are not laid during the formative years of childhood and adolescence, it becomes increasingly difficult to address this weakness in later life. The attempts to confront these shortcomings during retraining in later life are generally wasteful and only partly successful. The present study was designed to investigate the comparative effectiveness of problem-solving approach on the academic achievement of secondary school students in mathematics. The major objectives of the study were: (1) To determine whether the problem solving approach is more effective than expository strategy of teaching on academic achievement of students in mathematics. (2) To determine whether the problem solving approach is more effective than expository strategy of teaching on attitude of students in mathematics. (3) To examine the effect of problem-solving approach on the academic achievement of low achievers. (4) To measure the effect of problem-solving approach on the academic achievement of high achievers. (5) To find out the effect of problem-solving approach on the retention of students in mathematics. To achieve the objectives of study, following null hypotheses were tested: (1) There is no significant difference between the pre-test mean achievement scores of experimental and control group. (2) There is no significant difference between the pre-test mean achievement scores of low achievers of experimental group and control group. (3) There is no significant difference between the Pre-test mean achievement scores of high achievers of experimental and control group. (4) There is no significant difference between pre-test mean attitude scores of experimental group and control group. (5) There is no significant difference between the post-test mean achievement scores of experimental group and control group. (6) There is no significant difference between post-test mean achievement scores of low achievers of experimental group and control group. (7) There is no significant difference between post-test mean achievement scores of high achievers of experimental group and control group. (8) There is no significant difference between post-test mean attitude scores of experimental group and control group. (9) There is no significant difference between mean achievement scores of experimental group and control group and control group on retention test. (10) There is no significant difference between mean achievement scores of high achievers of experimental group and control group on retention test. (11) There is no significant difference between mean achievement scores of low achievers of Experimental group and control group on retention test. Secondary school students studying mathematics constituted the population of study. The student of 10th class of Govt. Pakistan Girls Higher School, Rawalpindi (Pakistan) was selected as a sample of the study. The pre-test post-test equivalent- group design was used for the study. The sample size consisted of forty eight students who were divided into experimental group and control group, each consisting of 24 students by equating them on their previous knowledge in mathematics, as determined through a pre-test. A treatment of planned problem-solving approach was provided to the experimental group while the control group was taught by expository strategy for a period of six weeks.