Aridity, brackish water, low organic matter, poor soil structure and intensive cropping are main challenges of Pakistan’s agriculture. Sustained soil quality and productivity are needed to feed the growing population that can only be achieved through sustainable management practices. A stepwise mechanistic study was conducted for restoration of soil carbon and re-establishment of degraded soil with sustained crop productivity. A preliminary study was conducted mixing different organic substrates (farm manure, poultry manure, biochar, flyash, wheat straw, sugarcane bagasse, rice husk and molasses) @ 1.5% of soil weight and incubated for 42 days. Farm manure, poultry manure and molasses yielded more particle aggregation, biological activity and macroaggregate carbon on each sample collection and were selected through trending of parameters in cluster analysis. These selected treatments were then applied in pot study while maintaining soil water contents @ 50, 75, 100 and 125% of available water contents (AWC), using maize as test crop. Different maize root parameters i.e. length (44.55 cm), fresh and dry weights (71.10 g and 24.30 g), diameter (1.73 mm), volume (0.24 cm3) and length density (7.4 × 10-3 cm cm-3) were calculated in pots receiving farm manure as organic amendment and soil water content maintained at 75% AWC. All parameter values were statistically at par with all other organic treatments at 75% AWC and 100% AWC but significantly higher than all plant parameters of each organic treatment at 50% or 125% AWCs. Using cluster analysis 75% AWC level was selected as best level for plant growth and that was maintained in the field trials. During two year field experimentation physical indices of soil i.e. water stable soil aggregates (40.7 and 39.9%), soil organic carbon (12.6 and 12.1 g kg-1), saturated hydraulic conduction (27.9 and 27 mm h-1), rate of infiltration (26.1 and 25.4 mm h-1), soil total porosity/void ratio (0.49 and 0.48 m3 m-3) were observed where farm manure was added in soil as treatment. Agronomic characteristics of maize i.e. corn yield (9.47 and 9.21 Mg ha-1) and use efficiency of irrigation water (11.1 and 10.8 kg mm-1 yr-1) were found in farm manure treated plots. All of these values were vigilantly greater than control but were found statistically similar to other treatments. Organic addition recovered soil structure that resulted in water retention, good aeration and root penetration which helped to achieve yield goals along with saving by 25% irrigation water. The farmers are primarily recommended to use organic manures along with mineral fertilizers and synthetically active biological products to sustain production, saving soils and water for our next generation.
جہالت ترقی کی دشمن ہے جہالت اور اس کے کئی ہم آواز الفاظ جیسے حماقت، عداوت، لعنت ،نفرت ایک سلیم الطبع شخص کے لیے کوئی اہمیت نہیں رکھتے بلکہ کئی اعتبار سے وہ ان سے بیگانہ رہتا ہے۔ ان میں بالخصوص جہالت ایک ایسا لفظ ہے کہ جو اس سے مانوس ہو جائے، جہالت کے پردے کو چاک نہ کرے، جہالت کے درخت کی آبیاری کرتا رہے جہالت کے نخلِ مضر کو خس وخاشاک سے صاف کرتار ہے، جہالت کے ناسور سے علم وحکمت کے نشتر سے پیپ نہ نکالے، اور اس کی بھینٹ چڑھ جائے تو اس کی جسمانی، روحانی ، اقتصادی، معاشی، معاشرتی ہر قسم کی ترقی رک جاتی ہے اور قعرِ مذلّت میں گر کر سسکیاں لے لے کر اپنی زندگی گزار دیتا ہے۔ تاریخ کی ورق گردانی کریں تو یہ بات مترشحّ ہوتی ہے کہ انسان نے جو بھی ترقی کی وہ جہالت کی چادر کوتار تار کر کے کی ہے۔ علم ، واقفیت، آگاہی سے ہی رفعتوں اور بلندیوں پر اپنی کمندیں ڈالی ہیں۔ اور جس نے جہالت کے بستر استراحت پر آرام کیا، جس نے جہالت کی شراب سے اپنے اعضائے جسمانی کو پرسکون رکھنے کی سعی ٔنا تمام کی اس کوزندگی میں کبھی سکون نہ ملا بلکہ در بدر کے دھکے ملے۔ جہالت کی چکی میں پستا رہا جہالت کے موذی سے ڈستا رہا علم سے مربوط اور وابستہ ہونے کی بنا پر انسان کو اشرف المخلوقات کہا گیا ہے۔ جہالت سے دوری اورعلم سے قربت ہی کی بدولت تو انسان کو فرشتوں پر بھی برتری اور فضیلت حاصل ہوئی، اسی کی بدولت انسان منصبِ خلافت پر فائز کیا گیا۔ اللہ تعالیٰ نے انسان کے دل و دماغ کو بہترین صلاحیتوں سے نوازا ہے ان صلاحیتوں کو بروئے کار لاتے ہوئے وہ مسلسل ارتقاء کی منزلیں طے کرتا...
This study aims to find the values of social educational contained in the Qur'an. This research is a qualitative research in the form of library research. The focus of the verse is the object and source of primary data of this study, namely various commentaries that explain Surah at-Taubah verses 71-72. While secondary data sources of research is various literatut that are relevant to the subject matter of discussion. To answer the discussion of the research, the writer uses the method of interpretation maudhu'i (thematic). This study concludes that the values of humanistic social education contained in the letter at-Taubah verses 71-72 include attitudes of helping to help, an invitation to the good and preventing munkar, social solidarity, brotherhood. These values can be a spirit of social education in forming empathy, mutual care, protection, tolerance and high social solidarity. The four values of social education can be actualized in the context of the planting of social education in children through various things, among others, the cultivation of a noble mentality in children can be realized in the planting of brotherly values and help children. Furthermore, the cultivation of a spirit of attention to the rights of others and a commitment to social ethics can be realized through the inculcation of the value of social solidarity. Then, inculcation of critical and social supervision can be realized by instilling the value of amar makruf nahi munkar.
Wheat is one of the leading grain crops of Pakistan and being staple diet of the inhabitants, it grasps a key position in the agricultural policies. Sustainable productivity of wheat is of paramount importance in the context of many biotic and abiotic factors that limit its production. Stripe or yellow rust is one of such biotic factors, caused by an obligate parasite Puccinia striiformis Westend. f.sp. tritici Eriks., that confines wheat production throughout the world. Presence of several races of each and ever-changing nature of the stripe rust pathogen cautions cultivation of susceptible wheat cultivars in humid, high uplands and cooler regions of the country. Monitoring of the stripe rust population is imperative to determine pathotype variation so that new virulences with the potential to overcome resistance genes currently deployed in the wheat cultivars can be detected. Accordingly, the research was executed in the Northern Punjab and NWFP to identify prevailing Pst virulence pattern and pathotype variation and trap the stripe rust pathogen through establishing “Trap Nurseries” at selected sites of the study area; estimate wheat yield losses due to stripe rust in field under disease stress conditions; and evaluate breeders material for its disease reaction under field condition. Analyses of yield loss data confirmed significant loss where disease level was very high. The most severely diseased cultivars had the lowest yields. Morocco depicted extremely low yields whereas Inquilab-91 expressed a loss of only 38.73 kg ha-1 against the disease severity of 36.25 percent in 2007 as compared to the loss of 143.3 kg ha-1 when the disease severity was just 8.12 percent during 2006. Stripe rust was also severe against Bakhtawar and Wafaq-2001 during 2007 at the test sites in Rawalpindi and showed a dramatic affect on yield. Considerable yield losses were observed in 2007 as compared to the losses estimated during 2006 attributing to the conducive environmental factor that persisted for more than four weeks and prolonged the infectious period of the stripe rust pathogen. Screening of 188 varieties / advanced breeding lines against stripe rust was also carried out during 2005-06 and 2006-07. Cluster analysis based on the RRI was performed, which indicated that the entire cultivars could be distributed into six clusters at 20 percent linkage level. Average Coefficient of Infection (ACI) and Relative Resistance Index (RRI) values of two year trial showed that out of 188 cultivars 150 had RRI value >7 ≤9 and were found in the desirable range; 28 cultivars were included among the acceptable range having RRI value ≥5 <7. However, only 10 cultivars showed RRI value <5 and fell under undesirable range. In the present study, pathotype variation of Pst population that occur naturally in the major wheat growing areas of Pakistan were analyzed. The outcomes were highlighted in the context of prevailing virulences and identification of the Yr resistance genes that are still effective. During 2005-06 and 2006-07, 12 previously identified Pst races were confirmed while one new race was identified. In Pakistan, virulence is present for the stripe rust resistance genes Yr1, Y6, Yr7, Yr8, Yr9, Yr12, Yr17, Yr18, Yr24, YrSu, YrSk and YrA. Virulence for Yr resistance genes Yr2+, Yr3V, Yr3N, Yr5, Yr6,2+, Yr7+, Yr9,2+, Yr10, Yr11, Yr15, YrSd, YrCv and YrSp was neither observed during the glasshouse investigations nor prevalent at any of the six WSRTN sites. Although resistance genes Yr4+, Yr8+, Yr26 and Yr29 (Pavon 76) expressed partial virulence but still have prospective for exploitation. To deploy the identified Yr resistance genes either singly or in combination in the upcoming wheat breeding program could play an effective role to lessen yield losses inflicted by stripe rust.