Plant-derived smoke obtained from burning vegetation has been used in agricultural and horticultural practices since last two decades. Being a cheap and environment friendly source, smoke plays an important role in seed germination, plant growth and enhancement of crops yield. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of plant-derived smoke on morphological, physiological, nodulation, rhizobium growth, proteomics and gene regulation in seedlings of chickpea treated with plant-derived smoke. Seeds of chickpea (C. arietinum) were sown in pots containing 500 g sands and were kept in a growth chamber having fluorescent light at 25oC and 60% humidity. For morphological parameters the seeds were supplied without or with 1000, 2000 and 4000 ppm plant-derived smoke for 2, 4, 6 and 8 days. For nodulation, seeds of chickpea were mixed with the inoculum of rhizobium having cell suspension of 109 CFU mL-1 and were sown in pots containing sands. The numbers of nodules were recorded after 11, 18 and 25 days. The rhizobium culture was measured using spectrophotometer at 600 nm incubated for 12, 24, 48 and 96 h. For physiological, proteomics, immuno-blotting and qRT-PCR, seedlings were irrigated without or with 2000 ppm for 6 days. For the analysis of proteins, gel-free/label-free proteomics technique was used. Results revealed that germination percentage, root/ shoot length, lateral roots and fresh biomass were increased in chickpea treated with 2000 ppm plant-derived smoke for 6 days. The number of nodules and rhizobium population were increased. Furthermore, the content of nitrogen and proteins were accumulated. On treatment with 2000 ppm plant-derived smoke for 6 days, the abundance of 90 proteins was significantly changed in chickpea root. Regarding gene ontology (GO) term assignments of 90 proteins related with different biological processes, the proteins related with metabolic process were increased. For cellular process, proteins related with cytoplasm were significantly increased. For molecular function, catalytic activity related proteins were more highly represented than other categories. Proteins related to signaling and transports were increased; however, proteins related to protein metabolism, cell, and cell wall were decreased. The sucrose synthase for starch degradation was increased and total soluble sugar was induced. The proteins for nitrate pathway were increased and nitrate content was improved. On the other hand, although secondary metabolism related proteins were decreased, flavonoid contents were increased. Based on proteomics and immuno-blot analyses, proteins related to redox homeostasis were decreased and increased in root and shoot, respectively. Furthermore, vii fructose-bisphosphate aldolase (FBPA) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) were increased; while, phosphotransferase and phosphoglycero mutase were decreased in glycolysis. In addition, phosphoglyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and glutamine synthetase related genes were up-regulated; while, chalcone synthase related genes were down-regulated. These results suggest that plant-derived smoke improves early stage of growth in chickpea with the balance of many cascades such as glycolysis, redox homeostasis and secondary metabolism. This study indicates that the application of plant-derived smoke might be a useful and inexpensive technique for enhancing seedling growth, number of nodules, nutritional values of crops and can be commercialized as bio fertilizer in future.
حمید صدیقی افسوس ہے کہ گذشتہ مہینے زائر حرم حمید صدیقی نے وفات پائی، وہ اس دور کے بہترین نعت گو تھے ان کی نعتیں محض شاعرانہ صناعی نہیں بلکہ سچے جذبات اور دلی کیفیات کی ترجمان ہیں، وہ جیسی پاکیزہ نعتیں کہتے ویسے ہی ترنم سے پڑھتے بھی تھے، ان کی نعتیں صاحب نعتؐ کی بارگاہ میں اتنی مقبول تھیں کہ ان کو دس بارہ مرتبہ آستان نبوی کی حاضری سعادت حاصل ہوئی طبعاً بھی بڑے مہذب اور شریف تھے، ادھر عرصہ سے ان کی صحت خراب رہتی ایک دن معلوم ہوا کہ ریاض نبوی کا زمزمہ سنج باغ رضوان میں پہنچ گیا، اﷲ تعالیٰ مدحِ نبویؐ کے طفیل میں ان کی مغفرت فرمائے۔ (شاہ معین الدین ندوی، مارچ ۱۹۶۵ء)
In the field of Defective Narrations or Ahādith Mu'allah, collection and study of chains and tracks have great importance. It is this process in which the difference in the texts and chains of narrations comes to the surface and their defects become evident. This difference in text and chains has different types, like: Waṣl wa Irsāl: the presence or the absence of a narrator in the chain of a narration. Raf' wa Waqf: attribution of a narration to the Prophet (PBUH) or to his companion. Addition or Deletion in the text or in the chain of a narration Sometimes, a narration has more than one types of differences. To determine the preference among the differences of the said types, scholars of Hadith (muḥaddithīn) have to use Presumptions of Preference or Qarā'in al-Tarjīḥ. Some of these presumptions are common among the hadith scholars known as Common Presumptions or Qarā'in Aghlabiyah. The present research discusses these presumptions with examples in light of the book al-'Ilal al-Wāridah fi al- Ahādith al-Nabawiyah authored by Imām al-Dārqutnī.
In this study four plants (Chrozophora hierosolymitana Spreng, Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L., Ephedra gerardiana Wall. ex Stapf and Quercus dilatata L.) collected from different regions of Pakistan were screened to identify any chemotherapeutic agents present in them. Seven crude extracts of these plants (leaf, stem and root extracts of C. hierosolymitana, aerial parts of C. leucanthemum, stem and root extracts of E. gerardiana and aerial parts of Q. dilatata) were examined for antimicrobial activity using agar diffusion method and agar tube dilution method, cytotoxicity using brine shrimp assay, antitumor activity using potato disc assay, phytotoxic activity using radish seed bioassay and antioxidant activity by using DPPH radical scavenging assay and free radical induced oxidative DNA damage assay. Two plant extracts of C. hierosolymitana and Q. dilatata showed antibacterial activity. Two plant extracts of E gerardiana and C. leucanthemum showed antifungal activity. Two plant extracts i.e., leaf extract of C. hierosolymitna and root extract of E. gerardiana showed significant brine shrimp cytotoxicity activity (IC 50 171.55 to 523.8 ppm). Six of the seven extracts exhibited tumor inhibition at all the three concentrations tested ranging from 10 to 80%. All extracts showed significant plant growth and seed germination inhibition at higher concentrations against radish seeds. Two extracts of C. hierosolymitana and Q. dilatata showed growth stimulating effects at lower concentrations. Two extracts of C hierosolymitana and Q. dilatata showed significant DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC 50 10.52 to 45.9 ppm). Three of the seven extracts i.e., (R) E. gerardiana, (A) Q. dilatata and (A) C. leucanthemum showed DNA protection activity at 100 and 10 ppm while at 1000 ppm showed no DNA protection activity while rest of the four extracts showed DNA protection activity at all the three concentrations tested. Phytochemical tests showed presence of alkaloids, saponins, anthraquinones, terpenoids, flavonoids, flavones, tannins, phlobatannins and cardiac glycosides at varying levels in these extracts. The crude extract of the most active antibacterial plant extract (A) Q. dilatata was subjected to bio-guided fractionation. Six partitioned fractions of aerial parts of Q. ixdilatata were tested for antibacterial and antioxidant activities. Phytochemical analysis of these partitioned fractions was also done. Ethanol fraction was selected on the basis of results of bioassays and phytochemical analysis. This fraction was analyzed by RP- HPLC and seven fractions were collected. Out of the seven fractions, AM2 showed antioxidant activity while AM3 showed antibacterial as well antioxidant activity. These two active fractions were again analyzed by RP- HPLC. The subfractions AM3b and AM3c showed antibacterial activity while AM2b showed antioxidant activity. Purified active subfractions were charaterized by comparing their absorption spectra with that of standard natural products isolated from the plants of same genus. The absorption spectra of the active fractions were different from that of the standard compounds previously isolated from the Quercus genus suggesting that these are newly isolated compounds from this genus.