Plant-derived smoke obtained from burning vegetation has been used in agricultural and horticultural practices since last two decades. Being a cheap and environment friendly source, smoke plays an important role in seed germination, plant growth and enhancement of crops yield. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of plant-derived smoke on morphological, physiological, nodulation, rhizobium growth, proteomics and gene regulation in seedlings of chickpea treated with plant-derived smoke. Seeds of chickpea (C. arietinum) were sown in pots containing 500 g sands and were kept in a growth chamber having fluorescent light at 25oC and 60% humidity. For morphological parameters the seeds were supplied without or with 1000, 2000 and 4000 ppm plant-derived smoke for 2, 4, 6 and 8 days. For nodulation, seeds of chickpea were mixed with the inoculum of rhizobium having cell suspension of 109 CFU mL-1 and were sown in pots containing sands. The numbers of nodules were recorded after 11, 18 and 25 days. The rhizobium culture was measured using spectrophotometer at 600 nm incubated for 12, 24, 48 and 96 h. For physiological, proteomics, immuno-blotting and qRT-PCR, seedlings were irrigated without or with 2000 ppm for 6 days. For the analysis of proteins, gel-free/label-free proteomics technique was used. Results revealed that germination percentage, root/ shoot length, lateral roots and fresh biomass were increased in chickpea treated with 2000 ppm plant-derived smoke for 6 days. The number of nodules and rhizobium population were increased. Furthermore, the content of nitrogen and proteins were accumulated. On treatment with 2000 ppm plant-derived smoke for 6 days, the abundance of 90 proteins was significantly changed in chickpea root. Regarding gene ontology (GO) term assignments of 90 proteins related with different biological processes, the proteins related with metabolic process were increased. For cellular process, proteins related with cytoplasm were significantly increased. For molecular function, catalytic activity related proteins were more highly represented than other categories. Proteins related to signaling and transports were increased; however, proteins related to protein metabolism, cell, and cell wall were decreased. The sucrose synthase for starch degradation was increased and total soluble sugar was induced. The proteins for nitrate pathway were increased and nitrate content was improved. On the other hand, although secondary metabolism related proteins were decreased, flavonoid contents were increased. Based on proteomics and immuno-blot analyses, proteins related to redox homeostasis were decreased and increased in root and shoot, respectively. Furthermore, vii fructose-bisphosphate aldolase (FBPA) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) were increased; while, phosphotransferase and phosphoglycero mutase were decreased in glycolysis. In addition, phosphoglyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and glutamine synthetase related genes were up-regulated; while, chalcone synthase related genes were down-regulated. These results suggest that plant-derived smoke improves early stage of growth in chickpea with the balance of many cascades such as glycolysis, redox homeostasis and secondary metabolism. This study indicates that the application of plant-derived smoke might be a useful and inexpensive technique for enhancing seedling growth, number of nodules, nutritional values of crops and can be commercialized as bio fertilizer in future.
استفہام اثبات کے ذریعے بھی ہوتا ہے اور نفی کے ذریعے بھی سیاق و سباق سے اس کی تعیین ہوتی ہے مثلاً مثبت استفہام کے لیے قرآن مجید میں مندرجہ ذیل آیت دیکھیں:
It is generally perceived in contemporary intellectual movements that canonical Traditionalists did not take hadth text into consideration as their scholarly efforts were limited to the evaluation of hadth chains. Aforementioned notion - in my opinion - originates from shallow study of methodology adopted by canonical hadth critics، as a deeper look into their scholarly works reveals that sciences of hadth includes the authentication and disparagement of traditions as well as comprehension and deduction from hadth content. The sole objective of early Traditionalists from transmission، collection of hadth، its evaluation، authentication and disparagement was to safeguard the true meaning of Sunnah and to transmit it in its pure form to the successors. In fact the peculiarity of their work is that they exert all efforts in order to deal with hadth as a single undivided whole، where examination of content was not irrelevant to the evaluation of chain، their conscientious efforts recorded in major works of hadth show how they evaluated content of hadth to determine that it was not contradictory to Shari‘ah، or with another sound tradition، as there was a possibility that a certain reliable reporter made mistake or speculated in transmitting the meaning of hadth. Therefore we witness them disparaging a certain transmitter for his negligence and errors whereas his hadth is forsaken، moreover they would not consider him a Traditionalists or muhaddithn if excessive speculations were found in his report. This research paper aims at investigating the aforementioned hypothesis.
This research thesis investigates the impact of organizational learning on firm's financial performance and also
figure out the moderating effect of leadership on their relationship. The primary purpose of the study is to
perform an exploratory research. Survey is conducted among the six telecommunication companies working
in the Faisalabad. Data of 251 respondents from these six selected companies were collected for analysis. The
data is primary in nature.
The study is quantitative in nature. A structured close ended questionnaire is used and results are analyzed
through regression with the help of SPSS. The financial performance used in this thesis is based on the
perceptions of the employees under study. The results of the study show organizational learning has a positive
impact on firm's perceived financial performance while organizational learning has more effect on financial
performance in presence of leadership, where leadership acts as moderator. It is suggested that these
companies must deploy their efforts in enhancing on organizational learning capabilities to get the better
financial results. In study, quantitative research design is used. Instrument is integrated 65 items. Instrument
contains three parts, (1) Organizational Learning (Devmoski 1994), (2) financial Performance (Li & Lu, 2007)
and (3) Leadership (Zagorsek et al. 2009). Correlation Analysis of each items of major variable confirms the
moderate relationships between them. Data is collected from population of 600 employees of
telecommunication companies in Faisalabad, Pakistan. 251 valid responses are entered in statistical program
tool (SPSS 20) to perform data analysis. Results and discussion of the study discuss that research fulfill the
objectives of the study. Companies can use these findings in future to analyze themselves from wider
perspectives.
This research can help R&D departments to work on these areas for better performance of companies. Due to
some limitations of study, this research suggests some future recommendations. Due to limited time and other
resources, research was limited to small population and sample size. In future, research can be conducted for
large population. In future, other companies can use this research for their better performance.