Home > Effect of Recombinant Bovine Somatotropin Rbst and Oxytocin on Health Indicators, Reproductive Performance and Milk Composition of Nili Ravi Buffaloes Bubalis Bubalis During Spring and Summer Seasons
Effect of Recombinant Bovine Somatotropin Rbst and Oxytocin on Health Indicators, Reproductive Performance and Milk Composition of Nili Ravi Buffaloes Bubalis Bubalis During Spring and Summer Seasons
The present study was designed to determine the effects of recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) and oxytocin, alone or in combination, on health biomarkers, reproductive performance and milk composition in lactating Nili Ravi buffaloes. A total of 250 buffaloes were randomly divided into three main groups.In group A, buffaloes were divided into three equal subgroups on the basis of their body condition scores (BCS), A1 (Low BCS), A2 (Medium BCS) and A3 (High BCS). In group B, buffaloes pertaining to milk production potential were divided into subgroups B1 (1-2.9 liters/milking), B2 (3-5.9 liters/milking) and B3 (6-12 liters/milking). In group C, buffaloes subjected to different treatments were divided into subgroups, C1 (control), C2 (oxytocin), C3 (rbST) and C4 (both rbST and oxytocin). The animals in all the subgroups received rbST (Boostin -250) at the dose rate of 35 mg on alternate days by s/c route in combination with oxytocin at the dose rate of 1 ml (10 I.U) I/m before each milking except in subgroup C1 (control), which was given no treatment, subgroup C2 which was given only oxytocin and subgroup C3 was given only rbST. Treatments were started on day 70 postpartum and continued till the end of lactation. Milk and blood samples were collected from animals of each subgroup during spring and summer seasons of study period (March 2013 to July 2014). The samples were stored at -20ᵒC till further processing. The results indicated that body condition score (BCS) of buffaloes treated with rbST and oxytocin significantly affected health biomarkers and milk composition. Serum AST activity and TOS were higher in rbST+ oxytocin treated buffaloes with high BCS, while TAC was higher in low BCS animals, compared to other groups. Milk fat contents were higher in high BCS buffaloes, while milk protein and lactose were higher in medium BCS animals. Higher frequency of brisket swelling and pregnancy rates were recorded in buffaloes with high BCS during spring and summer, respectively. In buffaloes treated with rbST+ oxytocin, milk production status had no effect on health biomarkers, reproductive performance and milk fat and protein contents. However, milk lactose and SNF contents were higher in buffaloes of high production group. Serum activities of liver enzymes and TOS were higher during summer, while TAS was high during spring. Similarly, milk protein and lactose contents were higher during spring than summer. Treatment of buffaloes with oxytocin decreased activities of ALT, AST, TOS and milk yield, while TAC was increased compared to controls. Buffaloes given rbST showed lower values of ALT, TOS and higher TAC than control group. Animals treated with rbST+ oxytocin had higher AST, TOS and lower ALT and TAC compared to controls. Milk fat, protein and lactose contents decreased due to rbST, oxytocin or rbST+ oxytocin treatment. Milk yield was increased after rbST treatment and decreased with oxytocin during spring. However, during summer, milk yield was increased after rbST+ oxytocin treatment, but decreased following treatment with either hormone. In conclusion, milk production was increased with recombinant bovine somatotropin and decreased with oxytocin during spring. Recombinant bovine somatotropin and oxytocin treatments showed adverse effects on general health of Nili-Ravi buffaloes.
سیٹھ ابراہیم مہتمم مدرسہ عمر آباد عمرآباد مدراس میں حاجی عمر (روشن کمپنی) کا خاندان ایک خاص حیثیت رکھتا ہے۔ حاجی صاحب امرتسر کے علمائے غزنویہ کے فیض سے مستفیض اور توحید و سنت کے متبع تھے، کامیاب تاجر تھے، اپنے ہی نام سے شمالی آرکاٹ میں ایک زمین خرید کر عمرآباد نام کا ایک مقام آباد کیا تھا اور وہاں ایک بڑے عربی مدرسہ دارالسلام کی بنیاد رکھی تھی، چندسال ہوئے کہ انہوں نے وفات پائی اور تیں صالح اولادیں اپنی یادگار چھوڑیں، اسماعیل، ابراہیم اور اسحاق، سب سے بڑے اسماعیل تو کاروبار کے نگراں ہیں اور ابراہیم نے جو منجھلے تھے مدرسہ کی دیکھ بھال، اس کے قیام و ترقی کو اپنی زندگی کا مقصد قرار دیا تھا، ابھی پچھلے سال جوہری طنطاوی کی تفسیر کا اردو ترجمہ ایک ہزار روپے کے صرف سے مطبع معارف میں چھپوایا تھا، مدرسہ کے لئے کتب خانہ تنہا اپنی ذات سے کتابیں خرید کر فراہم کیا تھا، اس کے لئے ایک عمارت بھی بنوائی تھی، افسوس کہ یہ پھول کھلنے سے پہلے ہی مرجھا گیا، یعنی ۳۰؍ رجب ۱۳۵۷ھ کو اس دنیائے ناپائیدار کو الوداع کہا، رحمہ اﷲ تعالیٰ۔ (سید سلیمان ندوی، نومبر ۱۹۳۸ء)
Urdu is the national language of Pakistan and plays a significant role in promoting political and national solidarity in the country. Languageserves as a unifying force that brings together people from different linguistic and cultural backgrounds and fosters a sense of shared identity and belonging. One of the main ways in which Urdu promotes political and national solidarity is through its use as a medium of communication across the country. Urdu is widely spoken and understood in Pakistan, and its use as an official language ensures that people from all regions of the country can communicate effectively with each other. This helps to promote a sense of unity and understanding between different groups, which is essential for building a strong and cohesivenation. In addition to its role as a medium of communication, Urdu also has a rich literary and cultural heritage that is deeply intertwined with the history and identity of Pakistan. Urdu poetry, literature, music, and art have played a significant role in shaping the country's cultural landscape and providing a shared cultural identity for its people. Furthermore, usingUrdu in political discourse and media plays a crucial role in promoting national unity and solidarity. Political leaders and media outlets use Urdu to communicate with the public. Thelanguage is often used to express nationalistic sentiments and promote a sense of pride in Pakistan's culture and heritage. Urdu plays a vital role in promoting Pakistan's political and national solidarity byserving as a unifying force that brings together people from different regions and cultural backgrounds. Its use as a medium of communication, its rich literary and cultural heritage, and its role in political discourse and media all contribute to fostering a sense of shared identity and belonging among Pakistanis.
There is a universal perspective that teachers play the most important role in students learning. However, there is an ultimate requirement for teachers to understand what makes teaching effective. Therefore, understanding effective teaching, particularly science instruction is more multifaceted, as perceptions regarding effective teaching vary. With this backdrop, the current study aimed to explore the difference in elementary science teachers’ views of effective teaching across school systems in district Ghizer, Gilgit-Baltistan. Using a cross-sectional survey method, ‘Effective Teaching Quality Survey’ (ETQS) tool was directly administered to 130 participants, randomly selected from the government (n= 65) and private (n= 65) schools. The findings of this study illustrated that in overall, the elementary science teachers hold interesting views on various domains of teacher effectiveness framework. Teachers value classroom management and organization as the most effective aspect of effective teaching that enables them to focus the classroom time on students learning. Moreover, teachers selected safe environment, links instruction to objectives, student engagement, creative homework and fair treatment with students as their highest priorities for good teaching. Statistically, the difference was found to be non-significant, on most of the components of effective teaching, when compared the school type. It depicted that to greater extent teachers hold similar views across the school systems. However, interesting patterns of differences emerged in ETQS. The difference favored private schools for showing concern for physical and emotional well-being (p= 0.02) and monitoring student progress (p= 0.03) However, the pattern reversed for respect all students (p=0.03) as government school teachers have given more importance to these aspects than their private counterparts. This survey study possesses important intuitions into teachers’ perceptions of effective teaching across the school system at the elementary level for educational policies and classroom practices. ETQS would play an important role and contribute to literature. Furthermore, on the basis of ETQS large scale research studies could be carried out in future. There is a universal perspective that teachers play the most important role in students learning. However, there is an ultimate requirement for teachers to understand what makes teaching effective. Therefore, understanding effective teaching, particularly science instruction is more multifaceted, as perceptions regarding effective teaching vary. With this backdrop, the current study aimed to explore the difference in elementary science teachers’ views of effective teaching across school systems in district Ghizer, Gilgit-Baltistan. Using a cross-sectional survey method, ‘Effective Teaching Quality Survey’ (ETQS) tool was directly administered to 130