Microorganisms and their interactions in soil play a critical role in nutrient transformations and cycling, and in sustaining soil productivity. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are a keystone group of fungi influencing nutrient cycling. In turn, the activity and composition of microorganisms in soil are influenced by management practices such as the choice of crop species and fertilization. Biofertilizer has been identified as an alternative source for chemical fertilization to increase soil fertility and crop production. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and rhizobia are two of the most important plant symbionts in natural habitats. Many leguminous plants have the ability to associate with the two microbial symbionts, which yield arbuscular mycorrhizae and root nodules. Moreover, AM fungi, rhizobia and leguminous plants are able to form a tripartite symbiosis. It has demonstrated that the intimate association is determined by the mutual recognition and subsequently the penetration of plant tissues in the establishment stage. A pot experiment was conducted in a net house in the University of Peshawar Pakistan, investigate the effect of seed inoculation with Rhizobium and/or soil inoculation with the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae, Glomus fasciculatum and G. aggregatum under different levels of RP fertilization. A pot experiment was conducted in 2010-2011 to investigate the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) status of Vigina radiate (NAIB-92, NAIB-98, NAIB-2006), Macroptilum bracteatum, Pisum sativum, Desmodium adscendens and Lens culinaris (NARC-2008-2, NARC-2008-3, NARC- 2008-4, NARC-2002) its relationship with plant vegetative, flowering and fruiting stages. The different inoculations (single and dual) of Rhizobium and VAM fungi mostly Glomus msesea, Glomus fasciculatum and G. aggregatum were incorporated under deficient P soil (1.13%). The growth and yield responses of studied legumes to co-inoculation with AMF and Rhizobium strains depended on the particular AMF-Rhizobium strain combination. In some cases, the productivity of studied legumes inoculated with an effective Rhizobium strain was reduced by an apparently incompatible AMF species compared to the Rhizobium treatment. In contrast, the yield of studied legumes inoculated with some ineffective Rhizobium strains was enhanced by an apparently compatible AMF species compared to the Rhizobium treatment. However, maximum Lens culinaris productivity was achieved only in treatments with effective Rhizobium strains or co- inoculation treatments with effective Rhizobium strains and a compatible AMF species. Plants were analysed for growth parameters (plant height, number of leaves, number of flowers/plant, number of pod/plant, number of seeds/pod, length of pod), dry weight of plant, nutrient uptake (Mg, Ca, K,Cu, Mn, Fe and Zn), proximate composition (crude protein, ash, crude fiber, fat and carbohydrate), percent VAM infection and spore density. Plant were analyzed for proximate composition and mineral composition. Results showed significant at (p>0.05) increase in the moisture and carbohydrate contents the fat, ash, crude fiber and protein content treated plants. Mycorrhizal colonization gradually increased with the increase in plant age from early vegetative to fruiting stage. Plants colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi have been shown to respond positively to the application of insoluble forms of inorganic phosphorus (P) such as rock phosphates (RPs) that responses to RP by mycorrhizal (MRP 1 and MRP 2 ) plants more pronounced than RP alone. The results revealed that dual inoculation of Rhizobium with VAM (Glomus msesea, Glomus fasciculatum and G. aggregatum) enhanced seed yield of legume. Varieties were single or dual inoculated with different AM fungus and different Rhizobium strains the dual symbiosis formed by AM fungi and Rhizobium depending on the plant variety and the symbionts involved. Influence of VAM fungus, Rhizobium and Rock phosphate inoculation on lentil,green mung bean, pea, desmodium and burgundy growth response in relation to growth parameters, yield and productivity , dry weight of plants , grains, roots colonization was studied in pot studies. The treatments consisted of inoculation with VAM fungus only, Rhizobium, dual inoculation with VAM fungus and Rhizobium. Rock phosphate alone and dual with VAM and control. Seeds concentrationof VAM used as inoculum was 290 spores per pot. Rhizospheric soil from wheat field having high spores number of different AMF i-e Glomus fasciculatum, G. mosseae and G. aggregatum and roots of wheat and maize infected with Arbuscular mycorrhiza were used as rhizobase inoculum . Roots were cut into 1cm pieces. These root pieces along with soil base inoculum (rhizospheric soil) were spread uniformly in layers at a depth of 3cm and 6cm before sowing. Inoculum for each pot consisted of 180 gm of mycorrhizal infected roots and adhering soil. The spore density was found to be 290 spores per 100g of soil. A synergistic relationship dependent on N and P status exists between rhizobia and AM fungi on growth. Co-inoculation with rhizobia and AM fungi significantly increased. Studied legumes growth under low P.
سابق وزیر اعظم اور پاکستان پیپلز پارٹی کی چیئر پرسن
بے نظیر بھٹو 21جون1953ء کو کراچی میں پیدا ہوئیں ۔ریڈ کلف کالج اور ہارورڈ یونیورسٹی سے اعلیٰ تعلیم کے بعد انہوں نے آکسفورڈ یونیورسٹی سے سیاسیات ،اقتصادیات اور فلا سفی میں اعلیٰ ڈگری حاصل کی ۔
بے نظیر بھٹو آکسفورڈ یونیورسٹی یونین کی منتخب ہو نے والی پہلی ایشیائی مسلمان خاتون تھیں جو یونین کی صدر منتخب ہوئیں ۔انہیں دنیائے اسلام کی پہلی خاتون وزیراعظم ہونے کا اعزاز بھی حاصل ہے ۔
اپنی جدو جہدمیں بھی وہ بے نظیر تھیں اور زندگی کی آخری سانسوں تک ہر ظالم و جابر کے سامنے ڈٹی رہیں ۔
بے نظیر بھٹو نے کئی کتابیں بھی لکھیں اور 1988ء اور 1993ء میں دو بار پاکستان کی وزیر اعظم بھی بنیں ۔
27دسمبر 2007ء کو پاکستان پیپلز پارٹی کی سربراہ اور سابق وزیر اعظم کو راولپنڈی کے لیاقت باغ میں جلسے کے بعد خودکش حملہ اور فائرنگ کر کے قتل کر دیا گیا ۔اس حملے میں ان کے علاوہ مزید 20افراد جاں بحق ہوئے تھے ۔
Authority is the centerpiece of the law as well as legal system. It cannot be properly understood without adequate understanding of the structure of authority that underlies it. The role of moral and religious values in the law has been a vital issue in classical as well as contemporary legal philosophy. Discussion about the theoretical foundation of the law remains a key issue in the modern legal thinking as a legal system is considered to have emerged from cultural contexts. Western legal systems are broadly grounded in to the Judo-Christian and Greco-Roman cultures. Though a fundamental change took place in the Western Europe as cultural traditions which affected the very nature of law both as a political institution and as an intellectual concept. The creation of modern legal systems was, in the first instance, a response to revolutionary change within the church and its relation with the secular authority. It led to bifurcation of social morality and religion in the modern law. Now most of the modern theories are based on this concept. The present paper presents a study of the origins of the Islamic law as well as the contemporary western legal thought in connection with religion and ethics. The conflict about moral and religious values reflects their code of life and concept of religions. In Islamic law authority-which is at once religious and moral is the will of the creator which is basic source of Islamic law, However, Fuqahᾱ differentiate between legal and moral values
Cooperative Learning is considered an instructional strategy that encourages students to learn from one another working in groups and pairs. The Aga Khan University, Institute for Educational Development (IED) through its teacher education programmes promotes this strategy in schools particularly in developing countries like Pakistan. The Visiting Teachers Programme (VTP) is one of the examples of IED's attempts to promote cooperative learning. The VTPs are planned, executed and evaluated by the Professional Development Teachers (PDTs) who are graduates of Master of Education (M.Ed) programmes at IED. As a course participant of the M.Ed (2000) programme, I was interested to know about the impact of Cooperative Learning' on two visiting teachers (VTs) who attended the VTP. I decided to conduct an impact study on the above topic. Two VTs of an IED cooperating school of Karachi were selected. Other sample members included, four students (two each) of both the VTs classes. Students were identified for the study with the help of VTs. Head Teacher of the school and the Professional Development Teacher. The study explored ;The impact of cooperative learning on two primary school teachers who attended the primary education Visiting Teacher Programme at IED. This was a case study and literature suggests that for case studies a qualitative research paradigm is more appropriate. Therefore I used the qualitative paradigm and I collected data through interviews, classroom observations, document analysis, field notes and writing memos. Interviews were audio recorded and important points were jotted during interviews. Before entering the field, I went through the programme document which informed me that one of the objectives of the programme was that the VTs understand and practice cooperative learning in their classroom. The programme exposed VTs to alternate teaching methods and instructional strategies. They were taught the basic elements of cooperative learning, lesson planning and teaching, group / pair work and reflections and further were encouraged to use the cooperative learning strategy in the theory practice component of the programme. The study found that teachers have acquired knowledge about cooperative learning. They have tried their best to implement their learning in the classrooms. This includes some elements of cooperative learning in other strategies according to the needs of the students and schools. The findings reveal that teachers have developed good relationships with their students and the students taught by VTs seemed different from other students in terms of social skills. It was also found