Scarcity of good quality irrigation water is one of the crop limiting factors in Pakistan. Information on the relative tolerance of different crop genotypes is necessary for the successful management of salt affected land and water. To investigate the effect of saline and/or sodic waters on growth, ionic concentration and biochemical changes in sunflower, a series of solution culture and pot experiments were conducted. Initially, 10 sunflower genotypes were grown for 30 days in hydroponics using five levels of saline and/or sodic water;T 1 (control), T 2 (EC 10.0 dS m -1 ), T 3 (SAR 20.0 mmol L -1 ) 1/2 , T 4 (RSC 5.4 mmol c L -1 ), T 5 (EC 10.0 dS m -1 ) + (SAR 20.0 mmol L -1 ) 1/2 + (RSC 5.4 mmol c L -1 ). On the basis of biomass accumulation and K + : Na + , ratio SF-187 and Hysun-33 emerged as salt tolerant and salt sensitive genotypes respectively. Subsequently, growth and yield response of these genotypes was evaluated in soil culture under various saline and/or sodic water treatments. Although, growth and yield of both genotypes decreased under saline and/or sodic water treatments but SF-187 produced a significantly (P ≤0.05) higher yield as compared to Hysun-33. In the next pot studies, Ca and Si were used @100 mg kg -1 soil to investigate their mitigating effect using same levels of saline and/or sodic water as above. Results revealed that calcium application partially offset the deleterious effects of saline and/or sodic waters and improved yield under RSC-water. However, Si significantly improved growth and yield of sunflower under saline and/or sodic water irrigation. The beneficial effects of Si were more pronounced in salt sensitive genotypes than in salt tolerant genotypes. Same sunflower genotypes when grown in solution culture, salinized with 100 mM NaCl revealed that 1 mM Si significantly enhanced activities of antioxidant enzymes as compared to 5 mM Ca. Finally, both sunflower genotypes were grown in pot culture and irrigated with saline sodic water. The results confirmed that Si alleviated salt stress and enhanced plant growth by stimulating activities of antioxidant enzymes and lowering lipid peroxidation in sunflower. Major mechanisms of Si mediated salt tolerance in sunflower include the maintenance of higher K + /Na + ratio, reduced membrane lipid peroxidation and enhanced antioxidative mechanism. Key words: sunflower, saline and/or sodic water, antioxidant enzymes, calcium, silicon
پیپلز پارٹی کا یہ بہادر نوجوان 1963ء کو دھرم پورہ لاہور میں پیدا ہوا ۔سولہ سال کی عمر میں 1979ء کو پی ایس ایف میں شامل ہوا ۔ضیاء آمریت کے دور میں گھر پر مسلسل چھاپوں اور اہل خانہ کو ہراساں کر نے پر کابل چلا گیا ۔واپسی پر گرفتار ہوا ۔1983ء میں پھانسی دی گئی ۔پھانسی کے وقت آپ کی عمر 21سال تھی ۔
Islam encourages treating war-prisoners positively. The prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) showed it by his conduct as he never mal treated any war-prisinor. Quran also teaches it as Allah describes the qualities of true believers as “and they give food, inspite of their love for it (or for the love of Him), to the Miskīn (the poor), the orphan, and the captive. [Al-Dahar; 8] The same teachings are in practice in the international law. The present article dicusses the rights of war-prisoners both in the light of Islamic and international law.
Four metal organic frameworks [Zn(3-bpmh)(1,4-bdc)]n, [Cd(3-bpmh)(1,4-bdc)]n [C8H10CdO7]n.4H2O and C15H17N2NiO8 (Ni-BTC) were synthesized and characterized. N-doped nanostructured porous carbon materials coded as PCN920 and PCN900 were obtained through the thermal treatment of two frameworks [Zn(3-bpmh)(1,4-bdc)]n and [Cd(3-bpmh)(1,4-bdc)]n, respectively under argon gas environment, while the third compound [C8H10CdO7]n.4H2O had produced porous carbon material (PC900) through the same heating process as described earlier. The thermal evaporation of Zn metal yielded impressively high surface area carbon (PCN920), which is found to be 1171 m2g-1, while Cd metal elimination from [Cd(3-bpmh)(1,4-bdc)]n and [C8H10CdO7]n.4H2O had generated relatively low surface area carbon i.e. 407 m2g -1 for PCN900 and 877 m2g -1 for PC900. The derived carbon materials PCN920, PCN900 and PC900 had been utilized for the synthesis of bimetallic composites with 10% Pt and 5% second metal (Ni, Cu, Er) through polyol reduction procedure. The bimetallic composites synthesized from PCN920 are coded as Pt-Ni@PCN920, Pt-Cu@PCN920 and Pt-Er@PCN920, while that were prepared from PCN900 are coded as Pt-Er@PCN900 and Pt-Ni@PCN900 and Pt-Cu@PCN900. The PC900 used as support to prepare composites are Pt-Er@PC900 and Pt-Ni@PC900 and Pt-Cu@PC900. The layered cadmium framework [C8H10CdO7]n.4H2O was synthesized in crystal form and characterized through single crystal X-ray analysis. The infrared spectroscopy (IR), UV-Vis spectroscopy and terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz TDS) were performed for cadmium metal organic framework. The computational investigations of the framework were performed at B3LYP/LANL2DZ level in gas phase to support our experimental results. The terahertz time domain spectroscopy of [C8H10CdO7]n.4H2O was performed and its refractive index along with absorption coefficient in 0.2-1.3 THz range x were calculated. The Nonlinear optical properties analysis reveals that the first static hyperpolarizability of [C8H10CdO7]n.4H2O is 38 times greater than that of urea. All the composites have been characterized through PXRD, FTIR, RAMAN, BET, XPS, ICP, CHNS/O, EDX, SEM and TEM. The composites Pt-Ni@PCN920, Pt-Cu@PCN920, Pt-Er@PCN920, Pt-Er@PCN900, Pt-Ni@PCN900 and Pt-Cu@PCN900 were analyzed for three important electrocatalytic reactions oxygen evolution (OER), hydrogen evolution (HER) and oxygen reduction reactions (ORR), while Pt-Er@PC900, Pt-Ni@PC900 and Pt-Ni@PC900 were used as electrocatalysts to perform HER and ORR. The performance of Pt-Ni@PCN920 is found to be better than Pt-Er@PCN920 and Pt-Cu@PCN920 having the same substrate PCN920. Secondly, Pt-Er@PCN900 showed excellent performance for HER, OER and ORR than Pt-Ni@PCN900 and Pt-Cu@PCN900. The durability and stability of Pt-Er@PCN900 was marvelous. Thirdly, the performance of Pt-Er@PC900 was superb than Pt-Ni@PC900 and Pt-Cu@PC900. The Nickel metal organic framework, graphene oxide (GO) and their composites Ni-BTC@GO(1%), Ni-BTC@GO(2%), Ni-BTC@GO(3%), Ni-BTC@GO(4%) and Ni-BTC@GO(8%) were synthesized, characterized and used as adsorbents for denitrogenation of synthesized model fuel. The porosity of the composite was enhanced by adding GO as compared to pristine Ni-MOF. The composite material with enhanced porosity and high surface area was used as adsorbent to remove indole, pyridine and quinoline from synthesized model fuel. The adsorption results showed profound increase in the adsorption capacity of the Ni-MOF@GO composite as compared to the pristine MOF. The composites also showed good regenerative ability and reusability.