طاقت کا زور ،حاکم اور محکوم میں فاصلہ
ہمارا ہمیشہ سے یہ المیہ رہا ہے کہ ہم اس حقیقت کو بھول جاتے ہیں کہ دنیا فانی ہے۔ ہر شے زوال پذیر ہو جائے گی۔ پھر بھی قوت و اقتدار کے ملتے ہی ہم خود کو طاقتور گردانتے ہوئے اپنی زندگی کو حقیقت سے دور لے جاتے ہیں۔ ماضی کے دریچوں سے اگر جھانکیں تو بے شمار ایسے واقعات ملیں گے مگر عصر حاضر میں بھی اس میں شدت بڑھتی ہی گئی۔ خاص طور پر مشرقی ممالک میں حاکم اور محکوم کے درمیان بڑھتے ہوئے فاصلے ہیں کہ جس کے نتیجے میں عام عوام کے خواب کانچ کی مانند ریزہ ریزہ ہو جاتے ہیں۔ ایسے چکنا چور کے جن کے شیشے آنکھوں اور ہاتھوں کو مزید چھلنی کر جاتے ہیں۔ دل میں نئی نئی امنگیںامیدیں سر اٹھاتی ہیں اوربالآخر گمنامی میں گم ہوجاتی ہیں۔ دل میں ہمیشہ یہ احساس ہوتا ہے ، کاش یہ اقتدار رکھنے والی قوتیں اس احساس کو ہمیشہ دامن گیر رکھتیں کہ اقتدار صرف اور صرف ایک ڈھلتے سائے کا نام ہے۔اقتدار نہ رہے گا تو خود کی زندگی بھی پھر دل میں آخری خواہش کی طرح سسکی کے ساتھ دم توڑ دے گی۔کاش وہ دن جان پاتے کہ اقتدار ایک آفتاب لب کوہ کا نام ہے۔ یہ حاکم و محکوم کے درمیان فاصلے آشوب قیامت برپا کیے ہوئے ہیں۔اقتدار رکھنے والی مقتدر قوتوں کو یہ علم ہونا چاہیے کہ عوام کی فلاح و اصلاح ہی ان کے اقتدار کا واحد جواز ہے۔انہوں نے بھی کہانی میں کچھ اس طرح ہی حاکم و محکوم کے فاصلے کا ذکر کیا ہے کہ کس طرح انگریزوں کی حکومت رہی ، ہندو اور مسلمان جو کہ آپس کے جھگڑوں میں بھی انگریز حکومت کے پابند تھے اور انگریز حکومت فیصلہ صادر کرنے...
The growth of the Sharia banking system in Indonesia is considered a measure of Sharia's economic success. The Indonesian Sharia Banking Supervision is responsible for regulating sharia banking activities. It is important to note that this information is from a regulatory point of view. The regulation and supervision of sharia banking activities are based on amendments to Act No. 3 of 2004 on the Bank of Indonesia, No. 23 of 1999, and Law No. 21 of 2008. After the passing of OJK Act No. 21 in 2011, Indonesian banks were granted the authority to oversee Sharia banks, which were then transferred to the JSC. The Financial Services Authority was formed due to concerns from various parties about the supervisory function of Indonesian banks in regulating Sharia banking. The JSC does not directly monitor all activities of Sharia institutions, but rather ensures that certain aspects are overseen by other institutions, such as the DPS (Dewan Pengawas Syariah). The DPS is responsible for overseeing Sharia Financial Institutions, and is registered based on the approval of the National Sharia Council (DSN). The objective of the OJK is to meet and protect the needs and interests of the public, create a stable and sustainable financial system, and implement a financial system based on the principles of good governance, which include accountability, transparency, and independence.
Banana Bunchy Top Virus (BBTV) is a member of genus Babuvirus of the family Nanoviridae, ssDNA virus transmitted by Pentalonia nigronervosa. Family Nanoviridae is divided into two genera: Nanovirus and Babuvirus. Nanovirus includes FBNYV, MDV, SCSV, while the genus Babuvirus include BBTV. In Pakistan, banana production is under severe loss due to BBTV. In the absence of natural resistance, the use of genetically engineered resistance is an attractive option. The main objective of this study was to develop resistance in banana against banana bunchy top virus through RNAi and the identification of unknown components of BBTV by a new technique called Rolling Circle Amplification (RCA). Rolling circle amplification (RCA) is a novel technique for the amplification of circular DNAs. This technique has been widely used for the amplification of geminiviruses but its use for the characterization of nanoviruses has not been reported. The identification of unknown component is also necessary to find out whether any additional component is associated with infectious unit or not. An analysis of the genetic diversity of BBTV was made by this valuable technique across Tando Jam, Sindh, Pakistan, to characterize components of banana bunchy top virus. The RCA product was digested with several restriction enzymes and was resolved in agarose gel. The resulting RFLP pattern resembled those expected for BBTV. In order to confirm the RFLP analysis, the DNA was probed with cloned components of BBTV. The probes for components DNA-S, DNA-N and DNA-M correctly hybridized to their respective fragment. We further cloned two components of BBTV to verify results. The cloned components were highly homologous to South Pacific group of BBTV as reported from Pakistan. The results of present studies confirmed that RCA technology can be used for characterization of nanoviruses. The technique is of great value to nanovirus research since the components that make up this group are still being discovered. This diversity (low) is also helpful in generating resistance against viruses. So, RNAi construct was made against MRep of BBTV to engineer resistance against BBTV. This construct was transiently checked in banana male flower bud. The buds agro-infiltrated with EHA105 gave better expression as compared to GV3101. Expression of BBTV genes from PVX and under 35S promoter was also observed. Expression of MRep and MP under PVX resulted in necrosis and cell death at the site of inoculation and severe leaf curling and necrosis in newly emerging vii leaves in MP. Clink, NSP and CP produced mild symptoms of leaf curling and mosaic, while CP produced necrotic response in inoculated leaves. When all these genes were expressed under 35S promoter in N. benthamiana 16c line, MP and Clink stabilized GFP specific mRNA and reduced GFP specific siRNA. MRep, NSP and CP did not show accumulation of GFP specific mRNA. These results identified that MP and Clink are supressors of silencing. The ability of MP to induce severe necrosis in inoculated and systemic leaves and RNA silencing suppressors indicates that MP is a major pathogenecity determinant in BBTV genome. Promoter regions of BBTV components may have application for heterologous transgene expression. Promoter regions of BBTV components were cloned in expression vector and checked it in N. benthamiana plants. Out of five components of BBTV, DNA-S, DNA-C and DNA-R did not show any GUS expression in N. benthamiana, while DNA-N showed some level of expression. The deletion of 200bp from 5’ end of DNA-N increased the promoter activity but was still low as compared to CaMV, 35S.