Mixed Infection of Vivax and Falciparum Malaria with Severe Manifestations of Malaria at the General Hospital of the Christian University of Indonesia: A Case Report

Malaria is still a health problem in Indonesia. The number of malaria cases according to the 2018 RISKESDAS reached 8076 cases, and the highest number was obtained from Papua province with 3,334 cases. Multiple infection malaria in Indonesia according to RISKESDAS 2018, has a rate of 0.01% of the total cases, namely Plasmodium Falciparum malaria and Plasmodium non Falciparum malaria. A 47 year old man was referred from the clinic with complaints of high fever preceded by chills 10 days before being admitted to the hospital. Accompanied by shortness of breath, unable to get off the treatment bed due to feeling very weak, nauseous, sick and having a bulging stomach. Physical examination revealed a pale conjunctiva, ronkhi in the lower field of the right lung, dim percussion in the basal of the left lung, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, shifting dullness. Ring form vivax, on chest X-ray found a left pleural effusion. It is known that the patient previously lived in Papua from September 2018 to May 2019. During treatment, the patient was given artesunate injection therapy, dihydroartemisin + piperaquine and primaquin for seven days of treatment. At the end of the treatment, another chest X-ray was performed and re-examination of the peripheral blood smear, no more pleural effusions were found and no parasites were found on re-examination of the peripheral blood smear. Mixed infection of vivax and falciparum malaria, is a rare case that may occur in endemic areas where both plasmodium can be found. The prevalence in Indonesia according to RISKESDAS is only about 0.01% of all malaria cases in Indonesia.

Seed Enhancement Techniques for Seedling Establishment and Increased Productivity of Early Sown Carrot under High Temperature Conditions

Carrot (Daucus carota L.) having a family of Umbelliferea, is a winter crop and is used fresh or in processed form throughout the world. For early carrot production, problem of seed germination exists due to high temperature at the start of August in Punjab, Pakistan. To cope with the issue, a comprehensive research was performed at Institute of Horticultural Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. The present study had focused to enhance high temperature tolerance in carrot seed that resulted in better germination by using pre-sowing seed treatments. For the purpose, Seeds of carrot cultivar T-29 were primed with various concentrations of different chemicals, i.e GA3, Kinetin, IAA, SA, KNO3 or with distilled water, and evaluated in laboratory (35±2 oC) in comparison with unprimed seeds (control)to optimize the best concentration (priming dose) from each chemical under high temperature stress (35±2 oC) in term of final germination percentage and other related traits. Pre-sowing seed treatments significantly improved almost all the parameters under study i.e., SA 0.1 mM followed by GA3 0.05 mM and KNO3 50 mM showed promising results for seed germination and seedling vigour related attributes. Two best performing doses from each chemical, which gave maximum germination under high temperature stress in Laboratory, were selected for field evaluation. Seed inoculation was also performed with azotobactor. Thereafter, primed, inoculated and unprimed seeds tested in the field under RCBD and treatment means were analyzed. All the pre-sowing seed treatments enhanced the final emergence percentage. Carrot root quality (colour, diameter, weight and length), sugars (reducing, non-reducing and total sugars, TSS) ascorbic acid contents, antioxidants enzyme activities, malondialdehyde contents, total phenolic, total antioxidants, photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and water use efficiency of plants were positively improved by pre-sowing seed treatments, SA 0.1 mM performed the best followed by GA3 0.05 mM. In the field condition, maximum emergence (33.2%) was achieved with GA3 0.05 mM followed by SA 0.1 mM 30.5%, priming treatments in comparison with control (14.8%), while carrot root yield was enhanced upto (2.82 kg/12.5 ft2 against 0.1 mM SA priming treatment) as compared to unprimed seeds (1.72 kg/12.5 ft2). It was revealed that carrot seed priming with SA 0.1 mM solution and/ or GA3 0.05 mM solution could be a good strategy for enhancing emergence with healthy seedlings and establishment as well as further growth and production of early carrot crop at high temperature.