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Home > Effect of Tillage and Farm Manure on Soil Properties, Crop Growth and Carbon Sequestration under Wheat-Rice System

Effect of Tillage and Farm Manure on Soil Properties, Crop Growth and Carbon Sequestration under Wheat-Rice System

Thesis Info

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External Link

Author

Ibrahim, Muhammad

Program

PhD

Institute

University of Agriculture

City

Faisalabad

Province

Punjab

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2009

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Soil Sciences

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/handle/123456789/416

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676726003714

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Pakistan is predominantly an arid country but it has one of the best and extensive irrigation systems in the world. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and rice (Oryza sativa L.) are the major grain crops in the country and wheat-rice cropping pattern is followed on substantial area of the country. Soil health directly controls the growth and development of crops and so for wheat and rice. The key of sustainable agricultural production is the optimum use of on-farm resources to feed ever increasing population without harming the available resources. For seed bed preparation the use of different tillage methods is most likely and is in practice for many years. Depending upon soil type and agro- ecological conditions of a particular area, appropriate tillage methods should be selected. Soil quality is affected by tillage and farm manure application, similarly, crop growth and yield is also controlled to various degrees. In order to assess the effect of farm manure, compost and inorganic fertilizer on the growth and yield of wheat and rice crops, pot studies were conducted. The promising level of farm manures from these studies and from previous literature were chosen for field studies. The use of different tillage systems is common practice of the regional farmers. The effects of tillage and farm manure on crop growth and yield, soil physical properties and C-sequestration under wheat-rice cropping rotation were investigated at Faisalabad. Three tillage methods (minimum, conventional and deep tillage) and three farm manure at 0 (control), 15 and 30 Mg ha–1 was used to evaluate the effect on soil physical properties and growth. The wheat and rice crops were sown in pots and field up to maturity. Different agronomic, yield parameters and chemical composition were recorded at the harvest of each crop. Soil samples (0-100 cm) were collected before and after every crop from each treatment plot and were analyzed for NPK concentrations. Soil bulk density and hydraulic conductivity was improved by the use of farm manure. Data were analyzed statistically following standard statistical procedures analysis of variance and multivariate analysis of variance and bi plots were constructed. The root length density (RLD) of wheat in upper 10 cm soil layer was 16% more in case of minimum tillage (MT) with farm manure at 30 Mg ha–1 (FM30). The total RLD of rice the same soil layer was increased by 12% and 17% in case of deep tillage with FM at 15 Mg ha–1. The rice yield was increased by 24% under minimum tillage with FM30 during first year and 21% at 15 Mg ha–1 FM under same tillage. The increase in wheat yield was 11% under MT with farm manure at 15 Mg ha–1 (FM15) during second year. The conventional tillage (CT) with FM30 increased the carbon sequestration among all the tillage systems. The information will be used to further evaluate the amount, direction and change in carbon turnover in all the cropping systems of the country to alleviate the resource poor farmers of the country and in the long run to assess the value of different indicators in relation to soil quality and crop productivity. The treatment combinations CT × FM0 (first year) and CT × FM15 (second year) were more economical incase of wheat. CT × FM15 also proved its worth incase of rice for both years.
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یوں مہرباں ہوا ہے مہینہ رسول ؐکا

یوں مہرباں ہوا ہے مہینہ رسولؐ کا
دل بن گیا ہے پھر سے مدینہ رسولؐ کا

خاکِ مدینہ پائی تو خوشبو خجل ہوئی
شامل ہے اِس میں پاک پسینہ رسولؐ کا

فدیہ ہو علم کا کہ مواخات کا عمل
تاریخ دیکھتی تھی قرینہ رسولؐ کا

قربان ہم تو دونوں کی آب و ہوا پہ ہیں
مکّہ خدا کا اور مدینہ رسولؐ کا

طوفان میں گھرا ہوں پہ مدحت زباں پہ ہے
یہ نعت بھی ہے ایک سفینہ رسولؐ کا

Sleep Quality in relation with Perceived Stress and Physical Activity in the Students of Pakistani Medical Colleges

Background: Sleep is an essential function of our body. Many surveys have reported the prevalence of poor sleep in university students, especially in medical students.  Objectives: The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of physical activity and stress on sleep quality among medical students in Pakistan. Materials & Methods: An observational cross-sectional study was conducted on medical students of private medical colleges in Lahore. A convenient sampling technique was used and 210 students were selected. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Godin Shephard Leisure Time Physical Activity Questionnaire (GSLTPAQ), and Perceived Stress Scale (PSS 10) were used for data collection. We used SPSS version 20 to analyze data and applied statistical tests: Chi-square test and Logistic Regression.  p-value < 0.05 was taken to establish significance. Results: Among the study participants 91(43.3%) were males and 119 (57.7%) were females. There was a significant effect of stress level on sleep quality (P=0.000*). The frequency of good sleepers was seen to increase by almost three times with increasing physical activity, however, this difference remained non-significant (p=0.07). The logistic regression test showed a significant relationship between poor sleep and stress (p=0. 008**) while no significant relationship was seen between sleep quality and physical activity. Conclusion: There was a significant association between poor sleep and high-stress levels and an increase in physical activity showed an increase in the frequency of good sleep, however, this difference was non-significant. It can be inferred that this positive effect of increasing physical activity on the quality of sleep could be indirectly due to its relieving effect on stress.  

Laser Cutting Optimization of Non-Metallic Materials Overall Quality

As the global stock of natural resources depletes the need of electricity efficient processes emerges. Laser cutting, an advance non-contact processing technique, outweighs the old methods such as hotwire and milling due to the requirement of retightening and replacement of cutting tools with time. Orthogonal array and Factorial design are selected as a design of experiment for modelling and optimization of Laser cutting process. The range adjustment of laser machine requires knowledge of experimental design, laser cutting process and material properties, otherwise missing values generate due to unsuccessful cutting. For this reason, many universities are unable to utilize these machines effectively. It is essential to formulate a technique which allows modelling the data with some missing values, consequently, it enhance the utilization of laser machines for research and other purposes. Initially, the qualities of output characteristic were modelled by Statistical and Neural network without missing values and then by supervised and novel Semi-supervised learning algorithms with missing values. The Statistical modelling results using one and two way analysis of variance with replication were better than other data mining techniques like linear and nonlinear regression, however, it is difficult to use these methods with missing values. Therefore, supervised neural network modelling is carried out and the effects of its parametric change are observed along the datasets size to model the orthogonal array. The neural network modelling results in edge quality and kerf width signal to noise ratio, it is acceptable, the edge quality indicates that modelling improves by pre-normalization, further improvement was made by increasing training data size to factorial design. It is observed that for the artificial neural network, supervised learning is not sufficient associated to orthogonal array, only due to edge quality mean modelling, average error were higher than the acceptable limit. The average error with factorial design was under 10%. The vast modelling experience of supervised learning engenders the development of novel Semi-Supervised learning algorithm. Consequently, the average error was reduced by utilizing the systematic randomize techniques to initialize the neural network weights and increase the number of initialization by using orthogonal array design of experiment, with up to 22% missing values. This algorithm reduces modelling time and cost thus reduces electricity consumption. The average error in Perspex sheet did not exceed 8.0% and 11.5% for edge quality and kerf width respectively. The overall quality was calculated by aggregation technique of data mining and a more generous and better aggregation is carried out by the novel combination of Fuzzy logic which provides overall quality for the customer while saving cost, time and Electricity.