Aquaculture is the rearing of aquatic organisms (fish) from juveniles to marketable size under captivity for socioeconomic benefits and conservation of wild stocks. The present study is the first report on the culture of yellowfin seabream (Acanthopagrus arabicus) in the coastal waters of Pakistan. The juveniles were collected from the same area and used in experiments designed to evaluate the growth performance of this species in net-cages. The optimum protein requirement for the species was determined (Chapter-2) by offering five types of experimental diets containing 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, and 50% protein to fish groups for 56 days. The second order polynomial regression suggests that 42% protein is required for optimum growth and fish body composition. The 42% protein diet was further employed to investigate the optimum feeding level for this species (Chapter- 3). The experiment was designed where fish groups were fed at four feeding levels, such as, 3, 5, 7 and 9% body weight (bw) /day respectively for 49 days. The best growth performance was noted in fish fed at 7% bw/day. The most expensive ingredient (fishmeal), in another experiment, was replaced by plant protein (soybean meal). The experimental fish groups received diets for 56 days where 20, 40, 60 and 80% fishmeal has been replaced by soybean meal. The results reflect that 40% fishmeal may be replaced by soybean meal without impairing fish growth and body composition in comparison with the control fishmeal containing diet (Chapter-4). The feeding frequency is another important information required in aquaculture that would reduce feed losses and benefit the economics of the whole culture operation. The best growth was observed in fish group fed 4 times a day in 49 day feeding trial where other groups of fish received feed 2, 3 and 6 times/day (Chapter-5). The effect of stocking density on the growth of A. arabicus in the floating-net cages (1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5m) stocked at 30, 60, 100 and 150 fish/cage (equivalent to 20, 40, 67 and 100 fish m-3, respectively) was assessed for 60 days. Results showed that maximum growth at 20 and 40 fish m-3 with low mortality rates. From the whole study, it may be concluded that yellowfin seabream, A. arabicus, may be optimally reared in a natural environment stocked at 40 fish m-3 by providing a diet with 42% protein fed four times a day at 7% body weight. In addition, operational cost may be reduced by replacing 40% fishmeal by soybean meal compromising the optimum fish growth performance, survivals and body composition.
گلوکار شوکت علی کی ایک نایا ب وڈیو جس میں انہوں چیئر مین بھٹو شہید کی پھانسی پر لکھی ایک نظم سنائی اور محترمہ بے نظیر بھٹو شہید کی شادی پر دل سے لکھا سہرا سنایا چیئر مین بھٹو فن اور فنکاروں کے بڑے قدر دان تھے ۔وہ جب بھی بیرون ملک دوروں پر جاتے لوک فنکاروں اور ثقافتی طائفے ساتھ لے کر جاتے تھے ۔اس روایت کو محترمہ بے نظیر بھٹو شہید اور حتی کہ بلاول بھٹو زرداری نے جاری رکھا۔ پچھلے ادوار میں باقاعدہ ثقافتی شوز کروائے گئے ۔محترمہ بے نظیر بھٹو شہید خود بھی مہمان ہوتیں بلاول بھٹو زرداری تو چند سال پہلے فنکاروںکے ساتھ پروگرام ہوسٹ کرتے رہے ۔
Issuing Fatwa is much important in the field of Islamic Theology. At least one of the contemporary famous three methodologies in the field of Fatwa for the mufti to adopt is necessary; as it leads mufti to extract ruling from the text of Holy Qur᾽ān or Sunnah of the Holy Prophet (ﷺ) and from what the Muslim Jurists have agreed upon. A thorough study of the book Fatāwā Ahl Ḥadīth has been conducted in this study in order to highlight the characteristics and main features which distinguish the method of the author, ‘Abdullāh Muḥaddith Rōpaṟi, a prominent scholar of his time in the main stream of Ahl e Ḥadīth, from other scholars of his time in issuing fatwa. The study approves that the author has adopted the depth has and (صلى الله عليه وسلم) Prophet Holy the of companions the of method understanding of the primary sources i. E. Holy Book Qur᾽ān, Sunnah and Ijmā‘, and secondary sources i. E. Qiyās and custom and vice versa and he has given best solutions to the matters posed to him at his time on the basis of textual and rational evidences which ultimately influenced people and made them to accept the author as an authority in his field.. His prominent work also tells us that he has expertise in the fields of Islamic literature, Islamic Jurisprudence, Ḥadīth and Tafsīr. Therefore, his book regarding fatwa has got admired by the scholars of the Subcontinent of all the main streams. Also in the court of Law in the country the book has been considered as a referencing book.
The effective control and eradication of brucellosis in developing countries can be achieved by quick and accurate diagnosis and effective vaccination. Protective efficacy of existing vaccines as well as diagnostic accuracies of various serological tests have not been thoroughly studied and verified in buffaloes, the prime dairy animal of South Asia. In the Present studies Brucella abortus strain 19 (S19) and strain RB51 (SRB51) vaccines were tested for inducing humoral and cell mediated immune responses in riverine buffaloes of various age groups. The protective efficacy of these vaccines against abortions was also evaluated by challenge protection studies. Protein antigen of Brucella abortus vaccinal strains involved in protection was identified by western blot analysis. Moreover an indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (I-ELISA) for detection of anti-brucella antibodies in buffaloes was developed. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of developed test was compared with commercial ELISA test. Agreement between the two tests for negative sera was 100% and for positive sera it was 78%. In the vaccination study using S19 the peak antibody titres (P<0.05) were observed 30 days post vaccination using I-ELISA and Rose Bengal plate test (RBPT). The mean ELISA titre persisted for 3 to 4 months in the vaccinated buffaloes but waned quickly in calves than adults and heifers. The agglutinating antibodies detected by RBPT declined below the analytical threshold earlier than ELISA. Vaccinated and non vaccinated control animals were challenged subcutaneously with 5× 109 cfu of virulent Brucella abortus during 1st gestation after vaccination. Significantly lower (P<0.1) abortions were observed in vaccinated animals. In SRB51 vaccinates significant increase (P<0.05) in the humoral immune responses were detected in all the three age groups by an I-ELISA using acetone killed SRB51 antigen 30 days post vaccination. However, all SRB51 vaccinates were detected negative by RBPT. The vaccinated and control animals, when challenged with locally isolated virulent biovar 1 between 6-7 months of gestation, revealed non-significant (P>0.1) differences between the probabilities of abortion occurrence. However, the percentage of abortion occurrence in vaccinated animals (44%) was lower than the non-vaccinated buffaloes (78%). Lymphocyte proliferation assays detected moderately high and consistent proliferative responses in all of the S19 vaccinated adults, heifers and calves after 6 weeks of immunization. The lymphocyte proliferative responses of SRB51 vaccinate were low and inconsistent and only 77% of the immunized animals exhibited positive proliferative responses. Western immunoblot analysis using antisera raised against all three B. abortus strains in buffaloes indicated a near similar pattern of immune-reactive OMPs in S19 and field strain. Two OMPs of molecular weight 37-38 and 19 kDa were immuno-reactive in all strains in buffaloes. Two distinct proteins of molecular weights of 190.5 and 151.3 kDa were identified in field strain but not in both of the vaccinal strains of B. abortus.