Pot and field experiments were conducted to determine the effect of cadmium (Cd) lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) on the growth of spinach (Spinacea oleracea). The metals contaminated vegetable was fed to the test animals and their bioassimilation in the body was investigated. The wire house and field experiments were conducted to monitor the effect of environmental conditions on difference in uptake of Cd, Pb and Zn in spinach. Both experiments were started at the same time to compare the metal concentrations in the leaves of spinach. The metal concentrations in all treatments decreased in the field experiment and the highest concentration of metals under study were found in 5 kg soil followed by 10 kg soil in wire house and the lowest in the field plots. Application of phosphorus (P1) to these treatments significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased the concentration of these metals in the leaves of spinach. Shoot and root fresh matter yield reduced with the increase of heavy metals but the application of P significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased fresh matter yields and ultimately decreased the uptake of these metals. Furthermore, spinach grown in the field plots contaminated with Pb (1000 mg kg-1 soil) and Zn (150 mg kg-1 soil) without application of phosphorus (P0) was fed to the rabbits for assessment of bioassimilation in the blood, essential organs (liver and kidney) and bones of rabbits. The study investigated the bioavailability of Zn and Pb in soil-plant-animal system. This involved an investigation of the connection between the total volume and the mobile forms of Pb and Zn in soils; the translocation of these metals into spinach; and their ingestion by rabbits fed with spinach leaves. It was found that these metals from spinach feeding were assimilated in the bones and essential organs of the rabbit. Bioassimilation of Pb in the body of rabbits was in order of bone > kidney > liver > blood while for Zn a decreasing order of bone > liver > kidney > blood was observed. Bioaccessibility of Pb and Zn from spinch leaves grown in these field plot spiked with Pb (1000 mg kg-1 soil) and Zn (150 mg kg-1 soil) fed to the rabbits was also determined. Overall, the bioaccessibility of Pb and Zn was 6.53 and 7.64 % of the total metal contents in the spinach leaves respectively. In next study, spinach was repeatedly grown in the field plots contaminated with Zn (150 mg kg-1 soil) and Pb (1000 mg kg-1 soil) without P (P0) after the harvest of first crop to determine the bioavailability of these metals with time. The concentration of Pb in the soil (after the first spinach crop) has no significant effect on the shoot fresh biomass of the spinach. However, Zn concentration has increased the fresh weight of shoot. The concentration of the heavy metals under study, i.e. Pb and Zn decreased in successive spinach crop. At the end, effect of Zn nutrition on the uptake of Cd was studied 2 in spinach in soil contaminated with Cd:Zn ratio of 1:10 (Cd @ 3 mg kg-1 and Zn @ 30 mg kg-1) and 1:100 (Cd @ 3 mg kg-1 and Zn @ 300 mg kg-1). Due to similarities in different chemical properties, an antagonistic relation between Cd and Zn was observed in the present study. Lower level of Zn @ 30 mg kg-1 with 3 mg kg-1 Cd has no significant effect on the shoot and root dry matter yields of spinach. A higher level of Zn @ 300 mg kg-1 in the 1:100 ratio of Cd:Zn caused a greater decrease in the Cd concentration in spinach leaves compared to Cd:Zn ratio of 1:10. Through these experiments it was found that leafy vegetable such as spinach accumulated high concentrations of Cd, Pb and Zn in its leaves. These metals entered in the food chain and after the consumption of contaminated vegetable got assimilated in the body of rabbits. Bioavailability of these metals decreased with the application of phosphorus (P1) and from the interaction with other ion, i.e. Zn. The result of these experiments showed that the vegetables such as spinach, grown on metal contaminated soil should be consumed with care because spinach has the tendency to accumulate higher concentration of these metals in its edible part. However, amendment like phosphate treatment or other interacting ion like Zn can reduce the uptake of metals and therefore contributes to safe food production on metal contaminated soils.
ریاست کا عزم: فرقہ واریت اورمتشد در ویوں کا خاتمہ ریاست کا وجودعوام النّاس کے لیے ایک نعمت سے کم نہیں ہوتا، ریاست میں موجود ارباب حل و عقد ر یاست کے جملہ امور اگر اسلامی خطوط پر چلانے کے خواہشمند ہوں تو ریاست واقعی انعام خداوندی ہے۔ اگر ریاست کے ارباب بست و کشاد کے اذہان مفلوج ہو چکے ہوں تو پھر ان سے فلاح و بہبود کی توقع عبث ہے۔ فرقہ واریت ایک ناسور ہے جو معاشرے کے حسن کو گہنا رہا ہے۔ ایک مردار ہے جس کے تعفن سے حیات کا وجود ختم ہوتا ہوا نظر آرہا ہے۔ ایک خدا، ایک رسول صلی اللہ علیہ و آلہٖ وسلم اور ایک قرآن کے ماننے والے جب آپس میں دست و گریباں ہوں، جب نورو ظلمات کی تصویر پیش کررہے ہوں، جب دھواں اور سائے کا تصور پیش کر رہے ہوں، جب پھول اور کانٹے کا نمونہ پیش کر رہے ہوں ، تو پھر اس رنگ و روغن سے بنی ہوئی معاشرے کی تصویر کبھی بھی اسلامی معاشرہ کہلانے کی روادار نہیں۔ فرقہ بندی ہے کہیں اور کہیں ذاتیں ہیں کیا زمانے میں پنپنے کی یہی باتیں ہیں فرقہ واریت کا خاتمہ صرف اس صورت ممکن ہے کہ قوت ِبرداشت کا عملی مظاہرہ کیا جائے، انسانیت سے پیار کیا جائے اگرکسی کے نظریات میں تفاوت موجود ہے تو بطریقہ احسن اس کی رہنمائی کی جائے۔ اور یہ کام ریاست بدرجہ اتم کرسکتی ہے۔ بشرطیکہ وہ اس میں مخلص ہوتعلیمی نصاب میں تبدیلی سے بھی منزل حاصل کی جاسکتی ہے۔ اوّل سے لے کر ایم۔ اے لیول تک فرقہ واریت والے مضمون شامل نہ کیے جائیں خطیب چونکہ اپنے مافی الضمیر کے اظہار کے اچھے مواقع کا حامل ہوتا ہے وہ بھی اپنی نجی محفلوں میںفرقہ واریت کے نقصانات پر واضح روشنی ڈال سکتا ہے۔...
This study aims to (1) examine the learning outcomes of students' reading comprehension in class III SD Inpres Parang Makassar using power point media; (2) assessing the learning outcomes of students' reading comprehension in grade III SD Inpres Parang Makassar without using power point media; (3) examining the effectiveness of power point media to improve learning outcomes for reading comprehension of third grade students of SD Inpres Parang Makassar. This study used an experimental research design with a posttest only control design. The population of this research is the third grade students of SD Inpres Parang Makassar. The data that had been collected were analyzed using descriptive statistical techniques and parametric inferential statistics type T Test that were processed using the SPSS version 20 windows computer program. The results of hypothesis testing show that (1) the value of t-count shows the number -9.708 with sig. (2 tailed) = 0.000. At the 95% significance level with 46 degrees of freedom. Because the significance value or p-value <0.005, then the null hypothesis (H0) is rejected or in other words the alternative hypothesis (H1) is accepted. Thus, it can be concluded that there is a significant difference between the pretest and posttest scores in the experimental class in the learning outcomes of students in class IIIB SD Inpres Parang Makassar. The use of power point media to improve students' reading comprehension learning outcomes of SD Inpres Parang Makassar is more effective using power point media. This can be seen from the t-test calculation of -9.708 with db = 46 at the 5% significance level. These results indicate that the price p = 0.000. The p value is less than 0.05.
Doctor-patient medical discourse has not received much attention in the study of health care service delivery in Pakistan. Despite sophisticated technologies for medical diagnosis and treatment, communication remains the primary means by which the doctor and the patient exchange health information. While proper communication determines the quality of medical care, poor communication often results in misunderstanding, causing lack of compliance, dissatisfaction, and negative health outcome of the patients as well as an increased risk of malpractices. In view of this situation, this sociolinguistic study was designed to explore the status of doctor-patient medical discourse in government hospitals of district Rawalpindi. For conducting this study, both qualitative and quantitative approaches were used as well as extensive literature reviews, questionnaire surveys consisting of both open-ended and closed-ended questions for doctors, and structured interview with patients were also done. A survey from eight tehsils of district Rawalpindi was conducted. Following convenience sampling, 400 questionnaires were distributed among the doctors of eight tehsils of district Rawalpindi. Interviews of 24 patients were also conducted along with observation. The results showed how different factors such as l an guage, p atient''s health literacy and health awareness, doctors’ training in communication skills, listening comprehension, privacy, time of consultation affect the doctor-patient medical discourse. Therefore, it is strongly recommended that government should make training of communication skills mandatory for doctors. Hiring of interpreters/translators can also be helpful to overcome the miscommunication issues. There is need to appoint more doctors in government hospitals so that they may able to give ample time to each patient. More waiting areas should be allocated in hospitals which will make corridors less noisy. As a result, the doctors and the patients would be able to discuss issues in a better way. Local doctors are to be preferred for transfer at home stations.