Pot and field experiments were conducted to determine the effect of cadmium (Cd) lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) on the growth of spinach (Spinacea oleracea). The metals contaminated vegetable was fed to the test animals and their bioassimilation in the body was investigated. The wire house and field experiments were conducted to monitor the effect of environmental conditions on difference in uptake of Cd, Pb and Zn in spinach. Both experiments were started at the same time to compare the metal concentrations in the leaves of spinach. The metal concentrations in all treatments decreased in the field experiment and the highest concentration of metals under study were found in 5 kg soil followed by 10 kg soil in wire house and the lowest in the field plots. Application of phosphorus (P1) to these treatments significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased the concentration of these metals in the leaves of spinach. Shoot and root fresh matter yield reduced with the increase of heavy metals but the application of P significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased fresh matter yields and ultimately decreased the uptake of these metals. Furthermore, spinach grown in the field plots contaminated with Pb (1000 mg kg-1 soil) and Zn (150 mg kg-1 soil) without application of phosphorus (P0) was fed to the rabbits for assessment of bioassimilation in the blood, essential organs (liver and kidney) and bones of rabbits. The study investigated the bioavailability of Zn and Pb in soil-plant-animal system. This involved an investigation of the connection between the total volume and the mobile forms of Pb and Zn in soils; the translocation of these metals into spinach; and their ingestion by rabbits fed with spinach leaves. It was found that these metals from spinach feeding were assimilated in the bones and essential organs of the rabbit. Bioassimilation of Pb in the body of rabbits was in order of bone > kidney > liver > blood while for Zn a decreasing order of bone > liver > kidney > blood was observed. Bioaccessibility of Pb and Zn from spinch leaves grown in these field plot spiked with Pb (1000 mg kg-1 soil) and Zn (150 mg kg-1 soil) fed to the rabbits was also determined. Overall, the bioaccessibility of Pb and Zn was 6.53 and 7.64 % of the total metal contents in the spinach leaves respectively. In next study, spinach was repeatedly grown in the field plots contaminated with Zn (150 mg kg-1 soil) and Pb (1000 mg kg-1 soil) without P (P0) after the harvest of first crop to determine the bioavailability of these metals with time. The concentration of Pb in the soil (after the first spinach crop) has no significant effect on the shoot fresh biomass of the spinach. However, Zn concentration has increased the fresh weight of shoot. The concentration of the heavy metals under study, i.e. Pb and Zn decreased in successive spinach crop. At the end, effect of Zn nutrition on the uptake of Cd was studied 2 in spinach in soil contaminated with Cd:Zn ratio of 1:10 (Cd @ 3 mg kg-1 and Zn @ 30 mg kg-1) and 1:100 (Cd @ 3 mg kg-1 and Zn @ 300 mg kg-1). Due to similarities in different chemical properties, an antagonistic relation between Cd and Zn was observed in the present study. Lower level of Zn @ 30 mg kg-1 with 3 mg kg-1 Cd has no significant effect on the shoot and root dry matter yields of spinach. A higher level of Zn @ 300 mg kg-1 in the 1:100 ratio of Cd:Zn caused a greater decrease in the Cd concentration in spinach leaves compared to Cd:Zn ratio of 1:10. Through these experiments it was found that leafy vegetable such as spinach accumulated high concentrations of Cd, Pb and Zn in its leaves. These metals entered in the food chain and after the consumption of contaminated vegetable got assimilated in the body of rabbits. Bioavailability of these metals decreased with the application of phosphorus (P1) and from the interaction with other ion, i.e. Zn. The result of these experiments showed that the vegetables such as spinach, grown on metal contaminated soil should be consumed with care because spinach has the tendency to accumulate higher concentration of these metals in its edible part. However, amendment like phosphate treatment or other interacting ion like Zn can reduce the uptake of metals and therefore contributes to safe food production on metal contaminated soils.
پروفیسر گیان چند جین پروفیسر گیان چند جین کی وفات اردو دنیا کا بڑا سانحہ ہے، وہ اردو کے صف اول کے ادیب، محقق اور ماہر لسانیات تھے، ان کا انتقال ۱۷؍ اگست ۲۰۰۷ء کو امریکہ میں ہوا، وہ ۱۹؍ دسمبر ۱۹۲۳ء کو ضلع بجنور کے سیو ہارہ قصبے میں پیدا ہوئے تھے، یہیں اور مراد آباد میں ابتدائی تعلیم ہوئی، پھر وہاں سے حصول تعلیم کے لیے آگرہ گئے اور ۱۹۴۵ء میں الٰہ آباد یونیورسٹی سے فرسٹ ڈویژن اور فرسٹ پوزیشن میں ایم، اے پاس کیا، ۱۹۴۷ء میں ان کے تحقیقی مقالے ’’اردو کی نثری داستانیں‘‘ پر انہیں پی ایچ ڈی کی تفویض کی گئی۔ ۱۹۵۰ء میں انگریزی روزنامہ ’’پانیئر‘‘ کے معاون مدیر ہوئے لیکن اسی سال جولائی میں حمیدیہ کالج بھوپال میں اردو لکچرر کی حیثیت سے ان کا تقرر ہوا جس کے بعد وہ مدۃ العمر درس و تدریس ہی کی خدمت انجام دیتے رہے اور ایک لائق اور نیک نام استاد کی حیثیت سے شہرت پائی، انہوں نے ملک کی مختلف یونیورسٹیوں بھوپال، حیدرآباد، الٰہ آباد اور جموں وغیرہ میں پروفیسر اور صدر شعبہ اردو کی حیثیت سے خدمت انجام دی، سبکدوش ہونے کے بعد حیدرآباد اور لکھنو یونیورسٹی میں یوجی سی فیلو ایمیریٹس کی حیثیت سے ان کی خدمات سے فائدہ اٹھایا گیا، لکھنو اندرا نگر میں بودوباش اختیار کرلی تھی، اسی زمانے میں اپنے بعض تحقیقی کاموں کے سلسلے میں مجھے بھی خطوط لکھے تھے، ایک گرامی نامے میں یہ دریافت کیا تھا کہ مولانا عبدالسلام ندوی مرحوم کی کتاب ’’شعرالہند‘‘ پہلی مرتبہ کب شائع ہوئی تھی، یہاں جب ان کی طبیعت زیادہ خراب رہنے لگی تو وہ امریکہ چلے گئے تھے۔ جہاں ان کے بیٹے اور بیٹی رہتی تھیں۔ جین صاحب نے قلم و قرطاس سے ہمیشہ سروکار رکھا، امریکہ جانے کے بعد بھی ان کے مضامین اور تحریریں...
Paper currency has remained controversial since its advent, until the majority of the modern scholars agreed that paper currency is just like gold and silver, and all the rules and provisions regarding the/of homogeneous and heterogeneous exchange of gold and silver are applicable to paper currency. This viewpoint is widely adopted by prominent modern-day international academies of Islamic Jurisprudence and the same has been preferred by the majority of contemporary scholars in their books, dissertations and scholarly articles. On the contrary, there is a different opinion of majority of the scholars in Indian sub-continent. The reason behind this was that the viewpoint of Ḥanafi school of thought about legal effective cause (᾽illat) of Ribā i.e. Weight is not found in paper currency, so the rules of Ṣarf (Exchange of gold and silver) are inapplicable. So, they opined that paper currency is like Fulūs (metal coins). Furthermore, to stop all the possible ways resulting to/in Ribā according to this opinion, they preferred the viewpoint of Imam Muhammad (R.A) regarding the metal coins and set some precautionary measures. However, the said standpoint has not been deliberated and contested in the contemporary jurisprudential research work as it deserved. This research aims to evaluate this viewpoint in detail, clarifying its roots and evidences while revealing its implications and comparing it with the view adopted by the majority of the contemporary scholars.
Current advancements in next generation sequencing technology have made possible to sequence
whole genome but assembling a large number of short reads is still a big challenge. In this article,
we present the comparative study of seven assemblers namely ABySS, Velvet, Edena, SGA, Ray,
SSAKE and Perga, using seven paired-end and eight single-end prokaryotic datasets from Illumina
platform. Results showed that in case of single-end datasets, Velvet and ABySS outperformed all
seven assemblers with comparatively low assembling time and high genome fraction. The Velvet
consumed the least amount of memory than any other assembler. In case of paired-end datasets,
Velvet consumed least amount of time and produced high genome fraction after ABySS and Ray. In
term of low memory usage, SGA and Edena outperformed all seven assemblers. The Ray also
showed good genome fraction, however extremely high assembling time consumed by the Ray
might make it prohibitively slow on larger datasets of single and paired-end data. Our study would
provide assistance to the biologists and bioinformaticians for selecting the suitable assembler
according to their datasets. This will also help the developers to upgrade or develop a new
assembler for de novo assembling.