جدید اور حالیہ ماخذ ِ تحقیق میں ایک اہم اور نہایت مفید و ناگزیر ماخذاشاریہ بھی شامل ہے، جوایک اصول کے طور پر اولاً ان کتابوں میں شامل کیا جانے لگاتھا جوطویل متن پر مشتمل ہوتی تھیں اور اشاریے کے اسماء (اشخاص،اماکن، مطبوعات، عمارات وادارے، وغیرہ اس متن کے اندرسے اخذ کیے جاتے اور متون کے آخر میں حروف تہجی کے اعتبارسے سائنسی بنیادوں پرترتیب دے کر شامل کیے جاتے تھے۔اس روایت کا آغاز کوئی تین سوسال قبل ہوا تھا اور خاص طور پر مغرب کے ترقی یافتہ ممالک کی علمی روایات میں علمی و تحقیقی اور تاریخی متون مروج رہا۔جنوبی ایشیا یا ہندوستان اور پاکستان میں بھی یہ مغربی اثرات کے زیر اثر یہاں کی زبانوں کی تصانیف میں قریباً دوسوسال قبل سے یہ روایت دیکھنے میں آتی ہے۔علمی دنیا میں اشاریہ سازی نے کئی مفید و ناگزیر انداز اختیار کیے ہیں اور کامیابی سے اپنا فرض ادا کررہی ہے۔ اسی عمل نے محض متون کی اندر سے اسماء کو اخذ کرنے ہی تک خود کو مخصوص نہ رکھا بل کہ رسائل کے حوالے سے ان کے مشمولات کی فہرست سازی کو بھی اس عمل نے اہمیت دی ہے اور رسائل کے اشاریوں کی ترتیب مختلف صورتوں میں اس طرح انجام دی ہے کہ جن سے متعلقہ رسالے میں شائع شدہ مضامین و مقالات یا جملہ تخلیقات و نگارشات بھی اس کے دائرے میں شامل ہوکر ایک نہایت جامع مشمولات کی فہرست بن گئی ہے جو مختلف صورتوں: اشخاص، مطبوعات، اماکن، ادارے و عمارات غرض سارے ہی موجودہ عنوانات اس ترتیب میں شامل ہوجائیں کہ کسی طرح کاکوئی عنوان اس فہرست سے باہر نہ رہ جائے۔
This study aims to generate thorough and comprehensive review of the teacher’s perspective and hands-on experience in mainstreaming LSENs in a regular classroom, including teachers’ attitudes and perceptions, challenges encountered, and teaching approach in handling mainstreamed classrooms. A scoping review framework by Arksey and O’Malley’s (2005) systematically analyzed the data of the different articles conducted by various scholars. Through scrupulous and through selection of related studies, 10 articles were included in the review from 6 different countries across the globe. The articles included were conducted from 6 countries and various databases. The study highlighted that: 1) teachers have positive and negative attitudes towards mainstreaming, 2) teachers experienced various challenges in handling a mainstream classroom, and 3) learner-centered approach to learning is used in the classroom. Mainstreaming LSENs in a regular classroom has pros and cons among teachers, regular students, and the LSENs themselves. Hence, a daunting responsibility for the teachers. Nevertheless, it is imperative to support teachers by giving seminars and training, especially to those non-special education majors, to be fully equipped to handle mainstreamed classrooms.
MoisttemperateandsubtropicalforestsofKashmirareveryimportantecological zones of western Himalayas. Local forest reserves are the most important natural resource of the area being the only source of fuelwood, timber, medicinal plants and livestock forage for the mountain communities. The forest cover of area has experienced about 75% decline duetomultidimensionalsocio‐economicandenvironmentalfactors.Areadeserves immediate and special attention for conservation and sustainable use of forest ecosystem. Present study was conducted in forest and alpines of Bagh district, Azad Jammu & Kashmir to investigate species distribution patterns, community structure, diversity, ethnomedicinal practices and anthropogenic pressure. 18 villages in upper and lower valleys of study area weresurveyedtoinvestigatethecommunitydependenceaswellasutilizationofforest ecosystem including herd size, grazing area, fuel wood consumption, timber extraction and ethnomedicinal practices. 13 moist temperate, 3 subtropical and 4 alpine sites were studied indetailbyusingstratifiedsystematicsamplingtocollecttheprimaryspeciesdata, geographical characteristics and anthropogenic interactions. A total of 171 species belonging to 56 plant families were recorded from the area. TreelayerwasdominatedbymembersofPinaceae(Abiespindrow(12%IVI),Pinus Wallichiana (6%), Quercus dilatata (2%), Quercus incana (1.7%) & P. roxburghii (3%)); shrub layerbyViburnumgrandiflorum(5%)&Sarcoccocasaligna(3%);whereasherblayerwas dominatedbyPoaceaegrasses(Poaalpina(6%),P.pratensis(4%)&Arthraxonprinioides (2%)) and herbslike Sibbaldia cunneata (2%), Fragaria nubicola (3%) and Trifolium repens (2%). Population showed a uniform monotonic response about the use of medicinal plants. Atotalof94plantspecieswerereportedofhavingethnomedicinalutilizationinlocal communities. Area population showed an average family size of 9; herd size, 3; land holding 2.2acres;andgrazingareaof0.41acres/cattle.Annualfuelwoodconsumptionof10.2 metric tons/household; 2.97 kg/capita/day was recorded in the area. Timber consumption of 288.4 cft/house hold was recorded in post 2005 earthquake reconstruction activities with a further demand of 139.5 cft per household. Forest stands showed an average basal area of 69.01m2andtreedensityof190/ha.Animmensetreefellingactivitywasindicatedbyan average stem/stump ratio of just 1.62. Retarded forest regeneration patterns was indicated by a seedling count of 124/ha. Species richness for the whole area averaged 36; Simpson’s diversity,0.91;Shannon‐Wiener’sdiversity,1.82;Menhinick’sdiversity,1.34;Species evenness, 0.51; and Degree of community maturity, 45. A persistent grazing pressure along with significant erosion activity was observed at all the sites. Theimpactofenvironmentalfactors(altitude,aspect,slope)alongwith anthropogenicdisturbancestimuli(Treefelling,erosion,fuelwoodextraction,overgrazing) on vegetation dynamics was investigated and correlated by multivariate analyses (CCA). CCA showed a total inertia of 3.308 accounting for 88.7% of species‐environmental correlation. Altitudeanddistancefromthedisturbancestimuliappearedtobethemainfactors controlling species distribution patterns. Thequantitativephytosociologicalattributesandregenerationpatternoflocal forestsandalpineswerefoundtobefarlessthantheotherHimalayanregionsinIndia, Kashmir, China and Nepal, indicating high anthropogenic pressure and disturbed community structure. The favourite fuelwood speciesandrare medicinalherbs are facinga persistent exploitation which can lead to their local extinction from the area. Governmental authorities donothaveanyconservationpolicyforthenativefloraandforestreserveswhichis resulting in continuous depletion of already under pressure forest. It is the need of hour to develop and implement a practical conservation management policy for the sustainable use of local forest reserves, so that they can be protected, rehabilitated and preserved for the future generations.