Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) are important winter (Rabi) and summer (Kharif) crops of Pothwar region of the Punjab province of Pakistan. Yield of these crops is low due to various limiting factors especially uncontrolled weeds. Weed control through herbicides is posing serious threats to natural environment. It is needed to decrease dependence on herbicides for weed control and sustainable environment management. Allelopathic crops have potential to reduce herbicide usage in agro ecosystem. Field experiments were conducted at Research Farm of Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University Chakwal Road Rawalpindi to determine effects of allelopathic crops water extracts and their combinations with herbicides on wheat and groundnut crops under rainfed conditions during 2009-2011. Nine weed control treatments were arranged in randomized complete block design with four replications. Weed control treatments reduced total weeds density, fresh and dry weights of weeds during both years in wheat crop. Amongst treatments, allelopathic crops [Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)] water extracts alone and their mixture reduced total weeds density, fresh and dry weights by 30, 31 and 32%, respectively. Herbicide [Atlantis® 3.60 WG (mesosulfuron + iodosulfuron)] at recommended dose (14.4 g a.i. ha-1) and combinations of sorghum and sunflower water extracts with its lower rates (3.6, 7.2 and 10.8 g a.i. ha-1) reduced weeds dynamics between 66 to 70%. Hand weeding reduced weeds to higher extent (84-87%) but it was labour intensive and costly method. xxv Higher values of leaf area, leaf area index, total dry matter accumulation, crop growth rate, net assimilation rate and relative growth rate were recorded from combination of sorghum and sunflower water extract with Atlantis® @ 10.8 g a.i. ha-1 (75% of full dose) and Atlantis® @ 14.4 g a.i. ha-1 (full dose). These treatments also produced more number of fertile tillers per unit area, grains per spike and grains yield. Crop extracts mixed with 75% dose of herbicide improved wheat grain yields upto 46% which was comparable with herbicide at full dose and hand weeding. The maximum protein (15.32%) and starch contents (54.22%) were recorded from weedy check and hand weeding, respectively. Economic and marginal analyses revealed that crop extracts mixed with 75% rates of herbicide exhibited the highest net benefits. Allelopathic extracts mixed with lower rates of Atlantis® gave higher marginal rate of return (423-532%) while other treatments were dominated due to lower marginal net benefits. Different weed control treatments decreased weeds dynamics in groundnut during both seasons. Herbicide application at full rates (Haloxyfop 10.8 EC @ 108 g a.i. ha-1), allelopathic crops extracts [Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and brassica (Brassica campestris L.)] and their mixtures with reduced doses of haloxyfop decreased total weeds density in the range of 33-38%, 1-16% and 18-39%, total weeds fresh weight between 12-25%, 5-19% and 14-36% and total weeds dry weights ranging 13-26%, 6-20% and 14-38%, respectively. Combination of 75% dose of herbicide with allelopathic crops extracts reduced total weeds density, total weeds fresh and dry weights by 39, 36 and 38%, respectively. Although hand weeding controlled weeds biomass by 74% but it was a costly approach. xxvi Barley and brassica extracts combined with haloxyfop @ 81 g a.i. ha-1 (75% of full dose), full dose of haloxyfop (108 g a.i. ha-1) and hand weeding enhanced leaf area, leaf area index, total dry matter accumulation, number of pods per plant, kernels per pod and pods yield. The maximum pods yield was recorded from hand weeding (1526 kg ha-1) followed by crop extracts mixed with 75% dose of herbicide (1409 kg ha-1). Oil contents were not affected significantly by different weed control treatments. Economic and marginal analyses showed higher net returns from lower herbicide doses combined with allelopathic crops water extracts. These treatments gave 37-943% marginal rate of return while all other treatments including hand weeding were dominated due to less net benefits. The study concluded that allelopathic crop water extracts mixed with low rates of herbicides (50-75% rates of full herbicide dose) can be used for economical weed control and improvement of wheat and groundnut yields.
ضیاء الحسن علوی مرحوم افسوس کہ میرے رفیق قدیم اور صدیق حمیم مولوی ضیاء الحسن صاحب علوی ندوی نے ایک مختصر علالت کے بعد ۱۴؍ جون ۱۹۴۵ء کو الہ آباد میں جہاں وہ عربی مدرسوں کے انسپکٹر اور مشرقی امتحانوں کے رجسٹرار تھے ستاون برس کی عمر میں وفات پائی، اس حادثہ کی اطلاع مجھے ۱۸؍ جون کو لکھنو میں اسی مدرسہ میں ملی جہاں میں اور مرحوم مل کر ایک جان دو قالب ہوئے تھے، افسوس کہ ایک قالب خالی ہوگیا، اور دوسرا نیم جان موجود ہے، مرحوم مجھ سے عمر میں تقریباً پانچ برس چھوٹے (گو تعلیم کے درجہ میں وہ ایک سال بڑے تھے) اس لئے بظاہر امید یہی تھی کہ انہی کو میری جدائی کا صدمہ برداشت کرنا پڑے گا، مگر تقدیر یہی تھی کہ مجھے ان کے فراق کا غم سہنا پڑے اس لئے امید غلط ثابت ہوئی، اور تقدیر کا فرمان نافذ ہوکر رہا۔ اکنوں چہ تواں کرد کہ تقدیر چنیں بود مرحوم کا کوری ضلع لکھنؤ کے مشہور علوی خاندان کے چشم و چراغ تھے، دارلعلوم ندوۃ العلماء کے حامیوں بلکہ بانیوں میں رؤساء کا جو طبقہ شامل تھا، ان میں منشی محمد اطہر علی صاحب مرحوم کا نام بہت جلی ہے، یہ خاندان قطب وقت حضرت مولانا شاہ فضل الرحمان صاحب گنج مراد آبادی رحمتہ اﷲ علیہ کا ارادتمند و معتقد تھا، جو ندوہ کی تحریک کے روحانی مرکز و مدار تھے، اس لئے جب ۱۸۹۸ء (۱۳۱۶ھ) میں لکھنو میں ندوہ کا دارالعلوم کھلا تو منشی صاحب مرحوم نے اس درس گاہ کو اپنے سب سے چھوٹے بچے اور ایک ننھے بھتیجے کو نذر کیا، یہی ننھا بھتیجا مولوی ضیاء الحسن صاحب علوی ندوی تھے، دارالعلوم کے طلبہ کے داخلہ میں ان کا نمبر شاید دوسرا تیسرا تھا، عربی کی پوری تعلیم یہیں حاصل کی اور یہیں سے فراغت...
Moderation is the most distinguishing feature of Islām, which reigns all the matters and fields of the Muslim life. The Muslim nation is titled as the moderate one in the Qur’ān. It is therefore required that along with the Qur’ān and Sunnah, moderation should reflect through Islāmic jurisprudence, too, in the individual as well as the collective matters of Muslims. The author of this present study traces the roots of moderation in the collective matters of the first community of Muslims, i. E., the companions of the Prophet (SAW), who directly received the understanding of the Islām from the Prophet (SAW), therefore, they are the true examples to follow. The companions would consider the circumstances and situations to issue their jurisprudential verdicts. This is very much evident, especially, from the verdicts of the second caliph ‘Umar Ibn Khaṭṭāb. The companions would observe the principle of moderation to generate love and reverence for the religion Islām. If they had stuck stringently to mere rules and regulations, they would not have succeeded in the spread of Islām in the world. The author shows through their examples that how essential and significant it is to observe the principle of moderation while compiling jurisprudence and how to avoid exorbitance and stringency. To observe moderation needs a deep understanding of the true spirit of religion and great skills to practice it which the companions did have being the direct disciples of the Prophet (SAW). We need to follow their example without yielding to the whims of irreligious or secular modernity.
Glucoamylase (exo-1,4-α-D-glucan glucanohydrolase: EC 3.2.1.3) yields ß-D- glucose from the non-reducing chain ends of a wide range of polysaccharide substrates and play a tremendous role in the improvement of starch based food products. Non-traditional use of glucoamylases in detergent industry has a great scope of expansion the world over in the coming days. Industrial employment of glucoamylase demands its hardiness to harsh operational environment. Thermo-stable enzymes can withstand extreme environmental conditions and can resist against detergents, organic solvents, temperature & pH. The operational stability of enzymes is of paramount importance for any bioprocess, which can be improved through various protein engineering techniques. With the development of novel procedures that exploit selective and efficient protein chemistry, chemical modification, either alone or combination with other mutagenesis techniques, could make a significant contribution to the development of enzymes that cope with the industrial demands. Various fungal strains (A. niger, A. oryzae, A. tamarii, A. fumigatus, A. flavus and Humicola sp) were grown in submerged cultivation at different temperatures, pH and substrate concentrations in order to optimize GA production. A. niger and Humicola sp were selected for their higher GA production ability as compared to other fungi. The apparent molecular mass of Humicola sp and A. niger GAs determined through SDS-PAGE were 72.8 and 93 kDa. A. niger GA was proved to be much better as compared to Humicola sp GA on the basis of, wider pH range, higher optimum temperature, more turn over (kcat) and higher specificity constant. It also showed 10 fold higher resistance against thermal unfolding and an activation trend against α- chymotrypsin A. niger was decided to be improved through γ-rays treatment with the main objective to enhance the production, stability and function of the enzyme. The 1 kGy γ-rays exposed mutant (M-7) of A. niger was selected on the basis of deoxy-D- glucose resistance. The mutant M-7 was about two fold efficient for extracellular GA production in submerged cultivation on Vogel’s medium containing 4% (w/v) wheat bran, pH 5.0 at 30 oC. The mutant GA had same molecular mass on SDS-PAGE, however on MALDI-TOF a difference of about 814 Da was observed. The mutant GA proved to