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Effects of Cooling Hole Shapes on Film Cooling Effectiveness

Thesis Info

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Author

Fayyaz Hussain Asghar

Program

PhD

Institute

Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2010

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Applied Sciences

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/handle/123456789/346

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676726018056

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The present study is related to the numerical investigation of different hole shapes for film cooling performance, which is widely used for cooling of high temperature gas turbines. The adiabatic film cooling effectiveness values are determined computationally, downstream of 30o inclined cooling holes. Different hole shapes compared are circular holes, two types of triangular holes, and two types of semicircular holes. Semicircular-1 hole, which has straight edge towards windward direction and curved edge towards leeward side, is found to produce best effectiveness results. This type of hole shows much higher values of laterally averaged effectiveness at blowing ratios of 0.67 and 1.0 as compared to a full circular hole. At blowing ratios of 1.33 and 1.67, the effectiveness results from semicircular-1 hole are found similar to the results of full circular hole. The semicircular-2 holes (straight edge towards leeward direction and curved edge towards windward side) show almost similar effectiveness results as the results of a full circular hole. Same effectiveness results from either type of semicircular hole as for a full circular hole, is still highly advantageous because semicircular hole requires half mass flow of coolant as compared to the requirement for a full circular hole, to produce the same blowing ratio. Hence the loss of thermal efficiency, due to the extraction of coolant from the compressor, can be reduced by using semicircular-1 or semicircular-2 hole. Semicircular-2 holes are further investigated by arranging them in two inlined/ staggered rows. Two rows of semicircular holes are equivalent to a single row of full circular holes because in both cases coolant cost or requirement is same. Hence the results of two rows of semicircular-2 holes are compared with a single row of full circular holes. Result of spatially averaged effectiveness from two staggered rows of semicircular-2 holes is 200% or higher than that from a single row of full circular holes at all blowing ratios tested. The lowest coolant jet heights are found for two staggered rows of semicircular holes, also the counter rotating vortex pair for that case is the weakest one. In the study of compound angle orientations of a single row of circular holes, two staggered rows of semicircular-1 holes and two staggered rows of semicircular-2 holes, it is seen that for simple inclination angle (i.e., for β = 0o), the two staggered rows of semicircular-1 holes for blowing ratio of 0.67 show almost 400% higher values of spatially averaged effectiveness as compared to a single row of full circular holes. When compound angles are used, it is seen that semicircular holes (either semicircular-1 or semicircular-2) shows much higher values of spatially averaged effectiveness than single row of circular holes, especially at low orientation angles. Among two types of semicircular holes, the two staggered rows of semicircular-1 holes show higher spatially averaged effectiveness as compared to two staggered rows of semicircular-2 holes but this difference decreases with increasing orientation angle (β). Also, the two staggered rows of semicircular-1 holes without any compound angle show better spatially averaged effectiveness than from the single row of circular holes or two staggered rows of semicircular-2 holes at all orientation angles. Hence using semicircular-1 holes in staggered rows, the need of compound angles may be avoided. Finally it is recommended to use the semicircular-1 holes instead of full circular holes for much better effectiveness or for reduced coolant requirement.
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نامہ بروں سے ربط نہ بادِ صبا سے ہے


نامہ بروں سے ربط نہ بادِصبا سے ہے
بس آہ بھر کا فاصلہ غم آشناؐ سے ہے

پوچھا کہ کس کے دم سے ہے خوشبو چمن چمن
بولی صبا حضورؐ کی زلفِ دوتا سے ہے

ہر شب کا حسن آپؐ کی والیل زُلف سے
ہر دن کی آب و تاب رُخِ والضحیٰ سے ہے

بدرالدجیٰؐ کے نور سے مہتاب کی چمک
تاروں کی روشنی بھی اُسی کی ضیا سے ہے

اُس ذاتؐ کے طفیل ہے دارین کا نظام
دل کی بھی کائنات اُسی دلرُباؐ سے ہے

کس کے لیے سجائی گئی بزمِ کائنات
دلداریِ خدا یہ حبیبِ خداؐ سے ہے

فرشِ زمیں سے عرشِ بریں کی حدود تک
’’سارے جہاں کا حُسن دمِ مصطفی سے ہے‘‘

قرآں کی آیتوں میں کیا ان کا تذکرہ
خالق کو پیار آپؐ کی اِک اِک ادا سے ہے

روزِ ازل سے اِسمِ محمدﷺ خدا کے ساتھ
یہ اِنتہا کو پہنچا ہوا ابتدا سے ہے

عرفانؔ جو نبیؐ کا ہوا وہ خدا کا ہے
الفت رسولِ پاکؐ کی الفت خدا سے ہے

الرؤية الإصلاحية للإمام النورسي: أثرها وامتدادها في العالم

الإصلاح عملية تقتضي مقاربة شمولية من حيث مدلولها، يلتقي فيها الجانب النظري بالتطبيقي، مع وضوح في الرؤية والمنهج، ذلك أنه يأخذ بعين الإعتبار الوضع القائم والإنطلاق منه بتثيت الصالح فيه، وتقويم ما اندرس للإنتقال به إلى وضع جديد أفضل. ومن هنا تأتي هذه الورقة العلمية لتسليط الضوء على فكر وعطاء العلامة بديع الزمان النورسي، قصد الإلمام بحيثيات مشروعه الإصلاحي، ودراسة أثره الممتد إن على المستوى الفكري أو السياسي أو الحضاري، فقد عَبَرَ النورسي بأفكاره ومُعطياته حدود الزمان والمكان، وشكّل منعطفاً حضارياً هاماً في معالجاته الشمولية لمفاهيم هذا الدين العظيم، وفي تقديمه لمشاريع إصلاحية رائدة يحتاج إليها المصلحون، وعليه لا تزال الحاجة إلى دارسات معمقة ومتتابعة ومن جوانب متعددة، لمشروعه الإصلاحي ، للإرشاد في محاولة الرقي والإستئناف الحضاري. الكلمات المفتاحية: الإمام النورسي، التجديد، الإصلاح، المنهج الإصلاحي.

A Critical Analysis of the Development of Female Education in the Province of Sindii 1941-1990

This study was conducted to critically analyze the development of female education at Secondary School level in the pro\''cnance of Sindh from 1947 to 1990. The parameters of development used for analysis are increase in the number of schools, enrollment of students, number of trained teachers, availability of in service training for teachers, physical condition of school buildings, provision of science laboratories and equipment, availability of libraries and books, provision of vocational and technical education. conveyance facilities, residential facilities for oul orma students, and provision for co-curricular activities. Survey research method was used in the study 10 collect data, get information and critical views and opinions from a sample of Teachers, Students and District Education Officers of all the 19 districts of the province of Sindh. The tools of the survey rescarch used were open and closc ended questionnaires, interviews, factual infonnation obtained from the official documents of the Directorate of education, and personal visits to the schools by the researcher. The findings of the research study show, that there were only 5 secondary schools for girls in the province in 1947. This number increased to 366 in 1990, out of these 304 are in urban areas as compared to only 62 in rural areas. The number of girl students in these school in 1990 was 11392 in rural schools and 187036 in urban areas. The study also points to the fact that there is a provision of one trained teacher for an average of 26 students. This presents an encouraging picture. However there are more trained teachers working in urban area schools than in rural areas secondary schools. Majority of the teachers agreed that due to the de\"elopmental disparities between rural and urban areas in the province they arc not willing to work in rural area schools some of which even lack medical facilities, clear water and means of transportation. Majority of the schools working in rural areas do nOI offer science and Agro-technicai subjects making it impossible for the female students of these localities to avail of the facilities. This research study confirms that the tradition of having only literacy oriented type general education imparting secondary schools and administrator structural system has been so strong thaI nol much could be achieved from the reforms and invocations introduced by the government from time to time. Much of the schemes failed becausc they could not be implemented in true sense due to the unwillingness of Ihe administrators or lack of enthusiasm on the part of teachers, parents, or member local community. As such the targets for quantitative and qualitative development of female secondary education from 1947 to 1990 could not be achieved in full.