The effect of three variables on ductile iron has been investigated in this study. The first variable was the effect of austempering time on ductile iron. The second variable was the effect of austenitizing temperature and the third major variable was the effect of alloying additions on ductile iron. The alloying elements selected for this purpose were copper, nickel, a combination of copper and nickel and lanthanum. The initial study was conducted on unalloyed ductile iron castings. The effect of austempering time was examined by varying austempering time in the range of 30 minutes to 90 minutes, while keeping austenitization temperature and austempering temperature constant. It was found that with the increase of austempering time, the tensile strength increased significantly. However, at 90 minutes the tensile strength decreased. The optimum temperature was found to be 60 minutes. The second variable was the effect of austenitization temperature on ductile iron. Based on the result of the first experiment, the austempering was carried out for 90 minutes. The austempering temperatures were kept at 270 oC and 370 oC. The austenitization temperature was varied from 850 oC to 925 oC. The study revealed that tensile strength increased at 900 oC but it decreased at 925oC. The third major variable involving the effect of alloying additions on ductile iron, was studied by adding copper with three different values i.e. 0.5 wt. %, 1.0 wt. % and 1.5 wt. %. The fourth melt was without the addition of copper. It was found that with the increase of copper the tensile strength continued to increase up to 1.5 wt. %. The second alloying addition was nickel. One melt was made without nickel while the remaining three melts were made with the addition of 1.0 wt. %, 2.0 wt. % and 3.0% x nickel. The tensile strength increased correspondingly with the increase in the addition of nickel to 3.0 wt. %. The effect of a combination of copper and nickel on ductile iron was also examined. The effect of the last alloying element which was studied was lanthanum. Four melts were made for this study. The first melt was without the addition of lanthanum while the remaining three had 0.006 wt.%, 0.02 wt.% and 0.03 wt.% lanthanum. The results indicated that the tensile strength increased with the increase of lanthanum content with and without austempering. Furthermore, the highest nodule count was obtained with 0.03 wt.% lanthanum while the nodularity remained almost unchanged. Thus, it was observed that the addition of alloying elements results in an increase of tensile strength. The optimum austempering time was 90 minutes and the optimum austenitizing temperature was found to be 900 oC.
۱۹۱۸ ء میں وہ بجنور میں اپنے بڑے بھائی ابو الخیر کے پاس چلے گئے۔جہاں انہوں نے صحافت کو بطورپیشہ اپنا لیا۔۱۹۱۹ ء میں جبل پور چلے گئے جہاں انہوں نےکانگرس کے پرچہ ہفت روزہ تاج میں کام شروع کردیا اور ۱۹۲۰ ء تک مدیر کے فرائض انجام دیے۔[[1]]
مولانا کچھ عرصہ تحریک ہجرت میں بھی کام کرتے رہے۔ یہ ۱۹۲۱ ء کا زمانہ تھا کہ مولانا مودودی کا تعارف جمعیت العلمائے ہند کے قائدین مولانا مفتی کفایت اللہ اور مولانا احمد سعید سے ہوگیا۔ وہ مولانا کی صلاحیتوں سے بے حد متاثر ہوئے ۔اور انھیں جمیعت کے اخبار "مسلم" کی ادارت کی ذمہ داریاں سونپ دیں جو انہوں نے ۱۹۲۴ ء تک نبھائیں ۔[[2]]بعد ازاں جب مسلم الجمیعۃ بن گیا تو اس میں مولانا ادار ت کے فرائض انجام دیتے رہے ۔مولانا نے ۱۹۲۵ میں الجمیعۃ کے اداریوں میں "اسلامی قوت کا اصلی سر چشمہ " کے عنوان سے مسلسل مضامین شائع کیے جنھیں شبیر نیاری نے مرتب کیا ۔ ان مضامین کو کتابی شکل میں شائع کیا جس کا نام " اسلام کا سر چشمہ قوت"ہے ۔اس کتاب کے شائع ہونے سے پہلے "الجہاد فی الاسلام " کو ہی مولانا کی پہلی تصنیف خیا ل کیا جاتا ہے ۔[[3]]
ABSTRACT: Extremism remains the main concern for global security after 9/11 event. Western countries consider the religious intolerance in Muslim countries as a source of prevailing extremism. Pakistani Madaris (seminaries) are considered as a place for indoctrination of extremism and intolerance. The questions need to be addressed that why and how religious students tended towards extremism. The evidence shows that in Pukhtoon Society; the traditional social institutions of Hujra (Community center) and Jumaat (Mosque) relationship is also affected in post Afghan Soviet war. Hujra (Pukhtoon Community centre) which is traditionally the main supporter and financer of Jumaat (Mosquereligious institution) ; now seems to be overpowered by the religious institutions after getting trained and motivated organized Taliban (students of Indigenous Islamic Education System) and financial freedom after Afghan Soviet war. In this paper the question of legal status given to Taliban and their education status by the Islamic Republic of Pakistan is discussed. For exploring to answer this question both primary and secondary sources of data are used. The study concluded that no properly defined legal status exists for the millions of Taliban graduates in the state; and the aspired streamlining efforts of Madaris with formal education are non productive and ineffective. Even the supreme court of Pakistan is unanswered about the legal status of these graduates. Legislators elected in 2002 National Election faced cases in Supreme Court of Pakistan of their ineligibility based on the in¬ equivalency of their Madaris Sanad (Degree) to the formal University Degree of Pakistan. Government of Pakistan tried to mainstream Madaris education with formal education system of Pakistan, through changing their curricula which is all time resisted by Madaris. It is concluded at the end of the study of integrating Madaris education with formal education system in vertical arrangement rather than in horizontal or lateral arrangement (change of curriculum and amalgamation of courses etc.) . The approach of Vertical arrangement acknowledge the importance and value of both systems and provide benefits to the stakeholders in large. Different modalities are discussed in this paper.
The basic purpose of this research is to investigate herding behavior, the role of culture, the effect of macroeconomic shocks on herding behavior, and the existence of contagion of herding due to the crisis and extreme shocks in the market. This study investigates the herding behavior towards market consensus in a set of Developed, Emerging and Frontier Markets of Asia, Asia Pacific and Europe. For the identification of herding behavior towards market consensus this study employs return dispersion models and the state space model. The time variation in herding behavior is identified by estimating return dispersion model through Kalman filter estimation. One of the main objective of this research is to determine the role of culture in driving herding behavior. This study employs Hofstede’s six cultural dimensions of culture and introduces them as an explanatory variable in the return dispersion model. This study utilizes ARIMA residuals of macroeconomic variables and introduce them in state space model to figure out the effect of unexpected shocks of this variable on investor herding behavior. This study focuses on behavioral link namely contagion of herding (pure contagion) in a given set of market and determines the cross country linkages of each market with a global leader (US) through extreme shocks in macroeconomic components or crisis. For the said purpose conditional correlation between herding measures is generated through diagonal VECH bivariate GARCH (1,1) model. The major findings of the study report significant effect of herding behavior in the majority of the markets. state space model measure provide better results for all measure. Culture play a significant role in the determination of herding behavior. The presence of cultural dimensions changes the magnitude of the herding behavior in sample countries. The herding behavior of investor is affected by some macroeconomic shocks hitting the specific market. But macroeconomic shocks do not seem to play a major role in defining herding behavior in most of the markets. Majority of the markets exhibit a strong correlation with US market which is seen as turning points of herding measure during a global financial crisis of 2007-2009. This correlation also increased due to some specific macroeconomic shocks. This study provides a complete analytical framework in developed emerging and frontier markets of Asia, Asia Pacific and Europe, where economic, cultural, behavioral and external factors are simultaneously integrated to provide a better explanation of herding behavior. Therefore, in its unique design, this research is an attempt towards bridging a gap between, cultural finance, behavioral finance, and standard finance.