Home > Effects of Lysine Levels With Digestible Amino Acids on Growth Performance, Carcass Evaluation, Productive and Reproductive Traits of Aseel Chicken
Effects of Lysine Levels With Digestible Amino Acids on Growth Performance, Carcass Evaluation, Productive and Reproductive Traits of Aseel Chicken
This study evaluated the effect of varying dietary lysine (Lys) levels on growth, meat quality, productive and reproductive performance of Aseel chicken. Study was carried out in three phases, during first phase effect of dietary lysine (Lys) regimens was evaluated on growth performance and meat composition of Aseel chicken (Experiment 1). In total 540 birds, 180 from three Aseel varieties were studied. A Randomized Complete Block Design in factorial arrangement, with 9 treatments of 6 replicates with 10 birds each, was applied. Treatments consisted of 3 varieties [Mianwali (MW), Peshawari (PW), and Lakha (LK)] and 3 Lys levels [1.35% (L1); 1.3% (L2); and 1.25% (L3)]. Growth performance (feed intake, weight gain, and feed: gain ratio) and meat composition (dry matter, ash, crude protein, and fat contents) were evaluated. In phase two, effect of dietary Lys regimens was evaluated on subsequent growth (7-18 weeks) of Aseel chicken (Experiment 2). In total 378 birds, 126 from three Aseel varieties. A Randomized Complete Block Design under factorial arrangement, with 9 treatments of 6 replicates with 7 birds each, was employed. Treatments consisted of 3 varieties [Mianwali (MW), Peshawari (PW), and Lakha (LK)] and 3 Lys levels [1.35% (L1); 1.3% (L2); and 1.25% (L3)]. Growth performance (feed intake, weight gain, and feed: gain ratio) were evaluated. In phase three, effect of dietary Lys regimens was evaluated on productive performance, egg characteristics and hatching traits of Aseel chickens (Experiment 3). In total 63 females and 9 males of 26 weeks were studied. Randomized Complete Block Design under factorial arrangement, with 9 treatments of 7 replicates with 7 females and 1 male each, was employed. Treatments consisted of 3 varieties [Mianwali (MW), Peshawari (PW), and Lakha (LK)] and 3 Lys levels [1.35% (L1); 1.3% (L2); and 1.25% (L3)]. Productive performance (egg production, egg weight, egg mass, feed per dozen eggs and feed per Kg egg mass), egg characteristics (shape index, surface area and volume) and hatching traits (fertility and hatchability) were evaluated. Data were analyzed through factorial ANOVA using GLM procedures in SAS software, considering varieties and Lys levels as main effects and sex as block effect. Turkey’s HSD test was used to compare treatment means considering 5% probability level. There was significant influence of varieties and Lys levels on growth and meat quality. Improved WG (P=0.0002; 424.1±8.1) and F: G (P=0.0006; 2.84±0.05) was observed in MW variety as compared to PW (WG: 411.5±6.3; F: G=2.95±0.05) and LK (WG: 401.5±9.3; F: G=3.02±0.08). Among different (P<.0001) Lys regimens, higher and medium levels in the diet resulted in improved WG (423.3±8.2; 428.2±4.9), F: G (2.79±0.05; 2.80±0.03) and reduced FI (1175.8±3.7; 1198.0±5.4). Among dietary treatments medium dietary Lys regimen showed improved WG, F: G and final WG. Increased dry matter (P=0.0036; 73.80±0.17), lower ash contents (P<.0001; 1.23±0.03) and lower crude protein (P=0.0064; 21.97±0.17) contents were observed in thigh at medium Lys levels, whereas only difference (P=0.0150; 1.30±0.04) in ash was found in breast with low Lys diet. While, the breast muscle ash % was lower for MW and PW variety (P<.0001; 1.30±0.03, 1.31±0.05). In subsequent phase results indicated higher WG (P<.0001; 1244.4±15.2) and improved F: G (P<.0001; 2.82±0.03) in MW variety compared to PW (WG: 1113.1±10.4; F: G: 3.05±0.02) and LK (WG: 1161.5±8.75; F: G: 2.94±0.03). For dietary treatments medium dietary Lys regimen showed improved WG, F: G and final WG. Increased dry matter (P=0.0176; 75.03±0.17), lower ash contents (P=0.026; 1.59±0.05) and lower crude protein (P=0.0175; 19.77±0.17) contents were observed in thigh under medium Lys levels, whereas the difference (P=0.0479) in CP was found only in breast, where L1 (22.30±0.17) and L2 (22.37±0.16). Carcass characteristics including slaughtering weight, dressed weight and dressing percentage showed higher (P<0.05) values in medium Lys dietary treatments. Among varieties MW variety showed overall enhanced carcass characteristics. In production and reproduction phase results showed differences in egg production, egg weight, egg mass, feed conversion per dozen and feed conversion per kg egg mass with in varieties, where PW variety showed higher egg production (P<0.0001; 40.9±0.54), MW and LK showed higher egg weight (P<0.0001; 46.52±0.55,45.19±0.65), PW and MW showed higher egg mass (P<0.0001, 1728.3±31.9, 1684.2± 39.1), PW showed lower feed conversion per dozen eggs (P<0.0001; 2.35±0.03) and PW and MW indicated lower feed conversion per kg EM (P=<0.0001; 6.52±0.12, 6.72±0.15) and interaction of variety and dietary treatments. Similarly egg geometry and egg quality parameters showed differences with in varieties where MW variety showed higher egg length (P<.0001; 54.57±0.50), lower shape index (P<.0001; 73.69±0.92), higher egg volume (P<.0001; 42.5±0.50), higher egg surface area (P<.0001; 59.7±0.47) and interaction of variety and dietary treatments, where MW in interaction with medium Lys regimen. Improved hatching traits were found for fertility (P<.0001; 82.1±0.67) and hatchability (P<.0001; 59.9±0.65) in PW variety, moreover, PW variety in interaction with Lys regimens showed higher fertility (P<.0001) and hatchability (P<.0001). Fertility and hatchability did not show any significant variation in response to dietary treatments. It was concluded that 1.30% digestible Lys level regimen can be used to improve the early and subsequent growth rate of Aseel chicken. Similarly, improved growth due to dietary Lys in juvenile phase has interaction with varieties in improving productive and reproductive performance of Aseel. Mianwali variety due to its higher growth may be exploited as a meat-type chicken.
This research article consist unique study regarding constitution of Human being character building in the thoughts of eminent philosopher Shah Wali Ullah (1703-1764). In present critique the focus has been made to explore how individual characters build in the specific environments? How surrounding effects on the character building? Moreover linkage of Islamic ‘IB└DA and its positive impact on the Muslim society has been explored. In interpretation of Shah Wali Ullah, All ‘IB└DA are like tools which lead to generate four basic ethics i.e purity and transparency capitulation, gainful and abstinence. These are the basic moral code which are the ultimate result of the four kind of ‘IB└DA i.e prayer, fasting, zakat and hajj. Muslim has inestimable inner power in the form of six lat┐’ef )اطلفئ, )which ultimately resulted upon the change of behavior. Character building are etiquettes, noble practices, decentness and good morality. It is generally refers to a code of conduct, that an individual group or society hold as authoritative in distinguishing right from wrong. Ethics are phenomenon values and can develop up to reasonable universal standards. Conduct in Islam governs all aspects of life and specifically addresses such principles as truthfulness, honesty, trust, sincerity, brotherhood and justice, while Islam forbid false, conspiracy, dodge, rude, irascibility, corruption. To materialize the virtues and disgrace the fake a role model prophet Muhammad (S.A.W) were deputed from Allah to guide the human being. So In present article character building in the theory of Shah Wali Ullah especially while in other Muslims scholars in general has diagnosed.
Considerable nitrogen (N) losses lead to lower N use-efficiency (NUE) in salt- affected soils due to leaching and volatilization. A lysimeter experiment was conducted to determine NUE in two salt-affected soils of different texture (clay loam and sandy clay loam), using various rates of N fertilizer. The experiment used a three replicate completely randomized design. The treatments included five N rates, three higher (15, 30 and 45%) and two lower (15 and 30%) than recommended rate of 125 kg ha-1. Additionally, gypsum was added at 50 and 100% of soil gypsum requirement (SGR) in both salt-affected soils. Maximum paddy and straw yields were recorded for sandy clay loam saline-sodic soil collected from Village 132, Faisalabad (132S), using 45% higher N + gypsum at 100% SGR. Whereas clay loam saline-sodic soil, from Village 84, Faisalabad (84S) at 30% higher N rate with gypsum at 50% SGR gave the highest paddy and straw yields. In general, the clay loam soil produced more paddy yield than the sandy clay loam soil at similar N fertilization. In the sandy clay loam soil, gypsum at 100% SGR along with a 30% higher N rate increased the grain and straw yields of wheat significantly (p < 0.05) compared to application of gypsum at only 50% SGR. Nitrogen use efficiency was the highest with 45% higher N (N145) with gypsum applied @ 100% SGR compared to 50% SGR in severe salt-affected (sandy clay loam) soil during rice crop. From marginal clay loam saline-sodic soil, NUE remained higher with N130 along with gypsum @ 100% SGR which was statistically on par with gypsum @ 50% SGR. It was concluded that NUE remained highest with N130 and N145 with gypsum applied @ 100% SGR during rice crop from clay loam and sandy clay loam soils, respectively. Moreover, NUE was higher at recommended N fertilization when gypsum was applied at 100% SGR which was also attributed to improved soil chemical properties, i.e. pHs, ECe and SAR. A field experiment was conducted at Village 132/ GB and 84/ GB to determine NUE in the two salt-affected soils of contrasting texture (clay loam and sandy clay loam), using higher rates of N than that in their counterpart normal soils. The experiment was laid-out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The promising treatments were selected from lysimeter experiments for field experimentation. The treatments employed for normal soils were: No fertilizer (C), recommended N fertilizer (N100), 15% higher N than recommended N fertilizer (N115), 30% higher N than recommended N fertilizer (N130). The treatments selected for salt-affected soils were: No fertilizer and no gypsum (C), recommended N + gypsum @ 50% SGR (N100+G50), 30% higher N than recommended N fertilizer + gypsum @ 50% SGR (N130+G50), recommended N + gypsum @ 100% SGR (N100+G100), 30% higher N than recommended N fertilizer + gypsum @ 100% SGR (N130+G100). The highest NO3- leaching was recorded with N130 along with gypsum @ 100% SGR from clay loam (84S) and sandy clay loam (132S) salt-affected soils. During wheat crop, more NO3- concentration in leachate was recorded compared to those during rice crop. The crop yield was lowered from salt-affected soils during amelioration by using higher rates of fertilizer (N130) and gypsum application compared to their counterpart normal soils. The 30% higher N than recommended with gypsum @ 50% and 100% SGR improved (salt- affected soil) properties and crop yields from clay loam (marginal SA) and sandy clay loam (highly SA) soils, respectively. During early stages of reclamation, higher doses of N and gypsum are required to achieve maximum economical yield and NUE. During 2nd year, NUE was the highest with recommended rate of N and gypsum @ 50% and 100% SGR for clay loam and sandy clay loam soils, respectively. The greatest decrease in yield gap from sandy clay loam and clay loam saline-sodic soils was observed with 30% higher rate of applied N along with gypsum @ 100% SGR and 50% SGR, respectively.