تأثر الأدب العربي من تعليمات النبي ﷺ دراسة و تحقيقا

It is estimated by studying the history that the imagination of life was limited before the appearance of Islam. A new era started after the arrival of Islam. Revolution came in thoughts and ideas. Every department was effected even poetry, literature and language pleasantly effected. A revolution created in the Arabic literature after the revelation of the Holy Quran even it taught the rituals of representation of emotions along with facial and spiritual beauty to the Arabic literature. Arabic language is full of knowledge and thoughts of whole world today and the axis of Arabic language and literature is the Holy Quran. The resources of ignorant literature which we get today was collected to save and understand the language of the Holy Quran. For example to eliminate the linguistic flaws, grammar science came into being and rhetoric science came into being to prove Quranic miracle and language and literature came into being to explain the poor words, and Hadith, tafseer, fiqah and other sciences came into being for religious laws. The Holy Quran changed the direction of literature towards justice, service to humanity and support of right and truth and chastity and modesty and God-worship. It gave appropriate dignified styles to explain every topic and invited to work by using reasons and thoughts. Arabic language is effected by the Holy Quran in such a way that it softened the hard and ruthless hearts of Arabs and made the surface wisdom heavy and solid by entering in it.  Could not get effected by Holy Quran as the level which prose got benefit. The prose got more shine in the time of Khulafa-e-rashidin when victories increased, boundaries of Islamic state expanded and political and developmental issues increased. It is a fact that Arabic prose got too high as compared to the Arabic poetry due to the Holy Quran.  

Formative Assessment Classroom Techniques and Their Influence on the Instructional Practices of Primary School Mathematics Teachers

Formative assessment (FA) successfully provides information for teachers to alter their instructional practices. However, experience suggests that teachers in general and mathematics teachers in particular lack the knowledge about FA, its use in classrooms and primarily use summative assessments (SA). The following study is the result of a Collaborative Action Research (CAR) between an M.Ed student from a private university and an in-service primary mathematics teacher at a reputed school in Karachi, Pakistan. The study aimed to explore the influence of Formative Assessment Classroom Techniques (FACTs) on the Instructional Practices (IP) of the teachers. Grade five of that school served as the data collection site. Answers to the following questions were sought a) What are a grade 5 mathematics teacher’s perceptions about assessment?; b) What are the current assessment practices (formative) and instructional practices of a grade 5 mathematics teacher?; c) What are the changes in instructional practices of grade 5 mathematics teachers as a result of using FACTs?; and, d) What are the facilitating and challenging factors while implementing FACTs in the classroom? Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, classroom teaching and observations, and the teachers’ reflections. The first cycle began mainly with FACTs that the teacher was unintentionally using. The second and the third cycles consisted of two FACTs each. However, FACTs in the third cycle focused on mathematical concepts. The findings of the study confirmed that FACTs helped teachers to alter their IPs in a way that enhanced student learning. It was also found that despite participating in relevant training a teacher could lack knowledge about FA in theory. Furthermore, the participant teacher found FA fruitful and tried to legitimize the use of it in her class by calling it a bridge for SA. The findings of the study imply that professional development for teachers should focus on an FA component as well. Moreover, FACTs ought to be introduced in the National Curriculum for Mathematics in general and the schools assessment policy in particular.