Zinc (Zn) is an important micronutrient and its adequate supply is considered indispensable for growth, development and normal functioning of plants. In plants, it plays a significant role in photosynthesis, DNA replication, cell division, membrane permeability and integrity, protein synthesis and enzymatic activity, specifically in carbonic anhydrase. Zinc is equally important for human diet and its deficiency affects the immune system, disrupts normal cell growth and reproductive system, and causes skin disorders. Being a co-factor for more than 100 enzymes in human beings, it also provides protection against cancer. Strategies must be employed to increase Zn contents of cereal grains to overcome the Zn deficiency in human beings. Recent reports depict that more than 70% of Pakistani soils are categorized as zinc deficient due to Zn deficient parent material, high soil pH, high calcareousness, more salts and waterlogged conditions and the deficiency passes on to crops as well. Decent amount of zinc is believed to be indispensable for growth and development of maize which is one of the important cereal crops of Pakistan. It is crucial to increase bioavailability of Zn in maize. Among the principal sources used for this purpose, ZnSO4, containing 33% of Zn, is commonly used, but only 4-8 % of the total applied zinc is available to plants while other gets fixed into soil. Furthermore, being expensive, it has economic implications for farmer’s community. Contrarily, zinc oxide (ZnO) is a cheaper and insoluble source which contains 80% of Zn. Bio-activation of insoluble source (ZnO) could be a cost effective method to improve Zn availability from it. Keeping in view the above said problem, the present study was conducted to formulate and evaluate bio-activated zinc for improving yield and quality of maize. For bio-activation purpose, several zinc solubilizing bacteria were isolated from rhizosphere of maize grown soil and quantified on the basis of zinc solubilizing potential and maximum pH reduction in broth medium by the bacterial isolates, finally selecting ten potential zinc solubilizing bacteria. The selected bacterial isolates, capable of solubilizing ZnO, were further screened for their plant growth promoting activity under axenic conditions. Out of ten bacterial isolates, AZ6 was selected for further experiments on the basis of maximum zinc solublization potential, pH reduction and improved growth of maize seedlings. The selected bacterium was later identified as Bacillus sp. AZ6 (Accession No. KT221633), on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. The Bacillus sp. AZ6 was characterized for its plant growth promoting attributes. The results implied that Bacillus sp. AZ6 had 1- aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase activity and produced siderophores for the biocontrol purpose. Auxins production was also observed by inoculation of Bacillus sp. AZ6 in the presence and absence of L-tryptophan. Bacillus sp. AZ6 also has the ability to produce organic acids like cinamic, ferulic, caffeic, chlorggenic , syrirgic and gallic acids, which were detected on HPLC. These acids solubilized the insoluble source of zinc (ZnO) by lowering pH of broth media. Bacillus sp. AZ6 was used with the organic material (grinded orange peel) to bio-activate the insoluble ZnO with different formulations. Efficient formulations (BOZ1, BOZ2, BOZ3, & BOZ4) were evaluated for temporal release of zinc. With the application of bio-activated zinc formulations, zinc bioavailability was increased significantly as compared to available form (ZnSO4), on the 60th day of incubation. BOZ4 was the most efficient among all for the whole sampling duration (0, 12th, 24th, 36th, 48th, 60th and 72th day). Different combinations varied in their potential for enhancing Zn bioavailability in soil and they were further evaluated in pot and field trials. The pot experiment was conducted to evaluate and compare the different formulations of bioxviii activated zinc with the ZnSO4 on maize crop. Data were analyzed following completely randomized design. Sole application of insoluble source of zinc (ZnO) did not influence the growth, physiological, yield and quality parameters of maize whereas ZnSO4 improved these parameters significantly. Inoculations with zinc solubilizing bacteria also promoted these parameters in most of the cases as compared to control (without zinc) but results were at par with the control. Application of bio-activated zinc formulations had a significant effect on growth (fresh and dry root and shoot biomass), physiology (photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, chlorophyll contents and carbonic anhydrase activity), yield and quality (crude protein, crude fiber, ash, oil contents, dry matter and grain zinc concentration) of maize as compared to ZnSO4 in pot conditions. Among the bio-activated zinc formulations, application of BOZ4 and BOZ3 significantly promoted most of parameters as compared to available form of zinc (ZnSO4). BOZ4 improved grain yield 11% more as compared to ZnSO4. The results of pot trial were confirmed under field conditions by conducting experiments on maize in two seasons (Field trial I in March, Field trial II in July). The results implied that growth, physiology, yield and quality parameters were significantly improved by BOZ4 and BOZ3 formulations as compared to ZnSO4. Data were analyzed following randomized complete block design for field experiments. BOZ4 improved the grain yield in field trial I and II by 10% and 12% respectively as compared to ZnSO4. The combined use of organic material enriched with zinc source (ZnO) and zinc solubilizing bacteria seems to be an effective approach, yet, cost effective, less time consuming and environmental friendly as compared to other zinc sources. Concluding, bio-activation of ZnO is an effective strategy for economical supply of Zn for improving yield and quality of maize, ultimately the farmer’s community can get the maximum profit from their limited resources in addition to biofortification of crop produce with respect to Zn.
In order to protect consumer rights, the government has made regular legislation on national and provincial level. In which the rights of the consumers are clearly explained. These rules are contemporary and comprehensive, those who are more likely to ensure the protection of consumer rights. With the help of these laws, different issues and conflicts of consumers can be resolved. The Sharia, the rights reserved for the users/consumers are also of a wide variety. In this article first the contemporary laws of Pakistan about the consumers protections has been explained and then in the lights of Saying of Muhammad (PBUH) the rights of users and consumers have been mentioned in details, in the last the comparison of the both laws is presented.
The present study was carried out in Grain Research, Training and Storage Management Cell of the Department of Agri. Entomology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad. The effect of essential oils of three plants Melia azadarach (Bakain), Azadirachta indica (Neem) and Datura stramonium (Datura) and phosphine fumigation alone and in combination were evaluated for their repellent and mortality effect against Tribolium castaneum, Rhyzopertha dominica and Trogoderma granarium at various concentrations viz., 5 %, 10 % and 15 % for plant oils, while 100 ppm, 200 ppm and 300 ppm for phosphine fumigation. The effect of these plant oils and phosphine fumigation was also studied on F1 progeny of the test insects. The results showed that maximum repellency of Tribolium castaneum was observed Azadirachta indica which was 77.66 % and Trogoderma granarium which was 76.43% with Datura stramonium. In case of Rhyzopertha dominica it was 81.48 % with Azadirachta indica. For mortality assay, data was collected after 24 h, 48h and 72 h against plant oils. The results revealed that maximum mortality of Tribolium castaneum was observed in Datura stramonium which was 28.82 %. While in case of Rhyzopertha dominica observed maximum mortality was 25.45 % against Azadirachta indica. In case of Trogoderma granarium maximum mortality was observed at Datura stramonium which was 24.30 %. For combination of plant oils and phosphine concentrations data was taken after 24 h, 48 h and 72 h. Maximum mortality of Tribolium castaneum was observed at Azadirachta indica which was 90.55 % at a combination of 15 % concentration of plant oil and 300 ppm phosphine gas while of Trogoderma granarium it was 86.43 % at Melia azadarach at a combination of 15 % of plant oil and 300 ppm of phosphine gas . In case of Rhyzopertha dominica observed mortality was 93.22 % at Azadirachta indica at a combination of 15 % of plant oil and 300 ppm phosphine gas. Mortality of insects against phosphine gas was also observed. Data showed that maximum mortality of Tribolium castaneum was observed at 300 ppm of phosphine gas which was55.93 % and in Trogoderma granarium it was 46.33 % at 300 ppm gas concentration. While in case of Rhyzopertha dominica it was 64.41 % at 300 ppm phosphine gas concentration. After that from the survivors of test insects F1 progeny data was recorded after thirty days of releasing in fresh grains at 30 + 2̊C and 70 + 5 % R.H. results showed that maximum F1 progeny of each insect in the following form. i.e. 0 % > 5 % > 10n % > 15 % >. Where 0 % is control. Minimum F1 progeny was observed at 15 % concentration of plant oils. In case of combination of plant oil and Phosphine gas concentration trend was like this. 0 % > 5 % + 100 ppm > 10 % + 200 ppm > 15 % + 300 ppm. So minimum F1 progeny was observed at 15 % + 300 ppm gas combination in all test insects. While in case of alone phosphine gas concentration maximum F1 progeny was observed at 100 ppm concentration. Minimum F1 progeny was observed at 300 ppm.