Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic syndrome of carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism resulting in hyperglycemia followed by its various early and late complications resulting in morbidity and mortality. Dyslipidemia is one of its late complications which ultimately hinder the blood flow in vascular system particularly the heart, kidneys, brain and other important organs. Dyslipidemia with both increase levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoproteins and decrease levels of high density lipoproteins are usual findings in diabetic subjects. Keeping in mind a phase II, double-blind, randomized, case-control, comparative, multi-center study of herbal coded medicine ‘Lipitame’ and the conventional medicine ‘Atorvastatin calcium’ was conducted to find out the clinical efficacy for the management of diabetic dyslipidemia. The objectives of the clinical trial are as follows: To conduct the double blind study trial of the herbal coded medicine ‘Lipitame’ and the conventional medicine ‘Atorvastatin calcium. To evaluate the efficacy of herbal coded medicine ‘Lipitame’ for diabetic dyslipidemia. To evaluate the adverse drug reaction of the test drug ‘Lipitame’ and the controlled drug ‘Atorvastatin calcium. To analyze ‘Lipitame’ ingredients and find out its antioxidant properties by cyclic voltammetry technique. It is phase II, double-blind, randomized, case-control, prospective, comparative, multi-center trial on the subjects of age range from 30 to 70 years, both genders following inclusion and exclusion criteria having the laboratorical diagnosis of diabetes mellitus type II. Sample size for test group (Lipitame) and control group (Atorvastatin calcium) was 102 and 107 respectively that were enrolled and treated after taking written consent. Subjects (n=209) were assigned randomly to receive test drug (Lipitame) 1g capsules orally b.d and control drug (Atorvastatin calcium) 5mg capsule orally b.d for 20 weeks with monthly follow up for the evaluation of lipid profile, liver function tests, urea, creatinine, complete blood count and fasting blood sugar followed by 1 month washing period during which no medicine was given to find out the sustained effect of medicines. Comparison of data from both arms of treatment group showed significant differences in lipid profiles i.e. p<0.05 and few side effects such as dry mouth and constipations were documented in test group while diarrhea, dry mouth and muscular cramps in control group. After treatment of 5 months showed mean total cholesterol levels as 2.78±1.295 (224 mg/dl) from 3.17±1.118 (236 mg/dl) which was 5.21% reduction in test group. Similarly, the group subjected to DD1 contained the control medicine ‘atorvastatin calcium’ showed mean total cholesterol levels 3.29±1.037 (239 mg/dl) before the start of treatment at baseline and after treatment of 5 months showed mean total cholesterol levels as 2.81±1.480 (225 mg/dl) which was 6.03% reduction. After treatment of 5 months showed mean total triglyceride levels as 3.02±1.610 (201 mg/dl) from 3.48±1.069 (225 mg/dl) which was 11.26 % reduction in test group. Similarly, the group subjected to DD1 contained the control medicine ‘atorvastatin calcium’ showed mean total triglyceride levels 3.21±1.114 (211 mg/dl) before the start of treatment at baseline and after treatment of 5 months showed mean total triglyceride levels as 2.74±1.269 (188 mg/dl) which was 11.52 % reduction. After treatment of 5 months showed mean total HDL levels as 2.63±0.943 (56.3 mg/dl) from 2.25±1.105 (52.5 mg/dl) which was 6.98 % increment in test group. Similarly, the group subjected to DD1 contained the control medicine ‘atorvastatin calcium’ showed mean total HDL levels 2.62±1.061 (56.2 mg/dl) before the start of treatment at baseline and after treatment of 5 months showed mean total HDL levels as 2.94±0.712 (59.4 mg/dl) which was 5.53% increment. After treatment of 5 months showed mean total LDL levels as 3.06±1.167 (92.8 mg/dl) from 3.39±1.055 (102.7 mg/dl) which was LDL 10.12 % reduction. Similarly, the group subjected to DD1 contained the control medicine ‘atorvastatin calcium’ showed mean total LDL levels 3.12±1.070 (94.6 mg/dl) before the start of treatment at baseline and after treatment of 5 months showed mean total LDL levels as 2.77±.967 (84.1 mg/dl) which was 11.75 % reduction. It was concluded that Lipitame is also effective in contrast with Atorvastatin calcium for the treatment of diabetic dyslipidemia. There were no problematic indicators related with the consumption of test medication and thus establishing to have good acceptability by all treated patients. Beside the clinical trial, the experimental work was also done for the analysis of Lipitame’s ingredients and the exploration of their antioxidant properties. The quantitative assessment of gallic acid by HPTLC densitometry was performed and 4.886 mg/ tablet of gallic acid were reported. The antioxidant properties of the ingredients of Lipitame were studied by cyclic voltammetric technique. This antioxidant property of Lipitame’s ingredients suggest the possible hypolipidemic effects by inhibiting the oxidation of low density lipoprotein thus preventing the gathering of cholesterol in the blood vessels leading for the propagation of atherosclerotic developments. Above study shows that all five studied medicinal plants have antioxidant capacity with different capability regarding superoxide free radical scavenging aspect. Therefore, the following order obtained in their antioxidant capability. Terminalia Chebula > Phyllanthus emblica > Terminalia arjuna > Commiphora mukul (Kohistan specie) > Commiphora mukul (Tharparkar). The Terminalia chebula in comparison with other ingredients of Lipitame neutralized 50.39 % DMSO with its 20 µl extract indicating highest antioxidant property.
مولانا حسرتؔ موہانی افسوس کہ آخر مولانا حسرت موہانی بھی چل بسے۔مولانا کی شخصیت کا پیکر دو چیزوں سے بنا تھاایک شعر وسخن اوردوسری سیاست۔سیاست اس پیکر کے ساتھ جسم کی نسبت رکھتی تھی، اس بناپر جب جسم مٹی میں ملاتوسیاست بھی فناہوگئی لیکن شعر و سخن اس پیکر کی روح تھی جو مرنے کے بعد باقی رہتی ہے اس لیے حسرت کی شاعری اب بھی زندہ ہے اورزندہ رہے گی۔ مرحوم سیاست میں کبھی ایک روش میں قایم نہیں رہے وہ کبھی کسی پارٹی میں شریک ہوئے کبھی کسی میں،ان کی سیاست کاآغاز کانگریس میں شرکت سے ہوا اور اس کاخاتمہ لیگ کے پُرجوش کارکن ہونے پر ہوگیا۔ان دونوں کی درمیانی مدت میں سیاسی اعتبار سے وہ کبھی کسی روپ میں نظر آئے اورکبھی کسی جامہ میں وہ دیکھے گئے لیکن ہرجگہ اورہرمقام پربیباک خلوص ان کا امتیازی وصف رہا۔ یہی وجہ ہے کہ جن لوگوں سے وہ سیاسی اختلاف رائے رکھتے تھے وہ بھی ان کی قدر کرتے اور ان کا احترام ملحوظ رکھتے تھے، وہ خواہ کسی رنگ اورکسی بھیس میں ہوتے ان کا اندازِ قدالگ سے الگ پہچان لیا جاتاتھا۔ ملک کی جدوجہد آزادی میں ان کا اتنا بڑا حصہ ہے کہ اس جدوجہد کی کوئی تاریخ مرحوم کے شاندار تذکرہ کے بغیر کامل نہیں ہوسکتی۔ ایک زمانہ تھا کہ حسرت کانام بچہ بچہ کی زبان پر تھا اورلوگ ان کے ایثار و قربانی،محنت وجفاکشی،برطانوی حکومت سے نفرت اور اس سلسلہ میں ان کی سخت ضداورہٹ کی داستانیں مزے لے لے کر اورجوش ومسرت کے ساتھ بیان کرتے تھے، لیکن مرحوم کے یہ وہ اوصاف وکمالات ہیں جن کو لوگوں نے خود ان کی زندگی میں ہی بھلا دیاتھا اوروہ آخر میں’’یوسف بے کارواں‘‘ہوکررہ گئے تھے۔ حسرت کی شاعری جوانمٹ اورزوال ناآشنا ہے اس کا اصل جوہر حسن تغزل ہے۔ انھوں نے اپنے...
تسعى هذه الدراسة إلى التحديد التاريخي للنهضة العربية الإسلامية وسياقاتها وأسباب حدوثها، سواء منها السياسية أوالدينية أوالإصلاحية أو غيرها، والوقوف على أبرز روادها، ومناقشة أفكارهم، وتتبع مناهجهم، مع تدقيق النظر في المشاريع الإصلاحية التي قادوها في مراحل تاريخية حاسمة، هدفها استنهاض الأمة العربية والإسلامية من سباتها. وقد اعتمدت الدراسة على الجمع بين توليفة متكاملة من المناهج البحثية، خاصة منها المنهج الوصفي التحليلي والمنهج الاستقرائي والمنهج المقارن، وقد توصلت الدراسة إلى مجموعة من النتائج أهمها أن الأمة العربية والإسلامية لا زالت في نهضة وصحوة، ما دامت تسعى إلى تحقيق نفس الأهداف التي سعت إليها النهضة العربية السابقة، والتي لم تتحقق بعد، وقد أوصت الدراسة بمجموعة من التوصيات، تأتي على رأسها أهمية استجماع جهود الفاعل السياسي والمفكر والفاعل التربوي والمصلح الديني وعالم التقنية وغيرهم من الرواد، واشتغالهم بمنهج علمي واضح، قوامه استحضار مخرجات الإصلاحات السابقة دون الركون إليها، واستشراف المستقبل بتحدياته وآفاقه، لتخطيط مشاريع إصلاحية واقعية قابلة للتطبيق في البيئة العربية والمسلمة.
In this dissertation, conditions were optimized to synthesize novel and more potent pyrazole derivatives from celecoxib, a well-known drug used to treat inflammation. The aim was to find future candidates that can be used in replacement with celecoxib because of the potential side effects of this drug. Three synthetic routes were established using easily available raw materials and easy to produce derivatives having high purity as well as experimental yield. In the first part of this study, 4-methyl group of celecoxib pharmacophore (3) was selectively oxidized. The product 4-{1-[4-(aminosulfonyl)phenyl]-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl}benzoic acid (306) was esterified, followed by its hadrazinolysis to get 4-[5-(4-hydrazinocarbonyl-phenyl)-3-trifluoromethyl-pyrazol-1-yl]-benzenesulfonamide (308) which was further reacted with different reagents to produce the target pyrazoles. Substituted pyrazoles 309-326 were prepared by condensation of carbohydrazide (308) with different aromatic aldehydes. Keeping in view the potential biological activities of 1,2,4-triaozle and different pyarozles, the synergism of both the heterocyclic moieties in a single nucleus was introduced in the second part of this study. Compound 308 was converted to 4-(5-(4-(4-amino-5-mercapto-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)phenyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)benzenesulfonamide (327) by reaction with carbon disulphide in alkaline ethanol followed by its hydrazinolysis, the product obtained was subsequently reacted with a number of benzaldehyde derivatives to afford the title compounds 328-340. In the third part of this study, chalcones prepared from substituted acetophenone and benzaldehyde derivatives were allowed to react with carbohydrazide (308) in acidified ethanol to produce the compounds 341-352. All the compounds were characterized by FT-IR, 1HNMR, mass and elemental analyses along with the single crystal X-ray crystallography of few compounds. The synthesized compounds were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory, ulcerogenic, anti-bacterial and anti-oxidant activities. Most of the compounds were found active against inflammation when Paw Oedema Model on albino Wistar rats. Few of the compounds (313, 314, 322, 329-331, 333-340) showed even greater anti-inflammation effect than the reference drug celecoxib along with no ulcerogenic effect. Similarly, many of these compounds were observed to be good anti-bacterial when tested against gram positive and gram negative bacteria. Many of the tested compounds also showed good anti-oxidant activity when compared with standard butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) with few of them showing greater anti-oxidant potential than BHT.