Currently chemical nematicides are the major means to manage plant parasitic nematodes but these are costly and injurious to human health and environment. Research was carried out on an important plant parasitic nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) and its management through the integration of mycorrhizal fungi (MF) and neemex during 2011 to 2013 in green house and field conditions. Various experiments for effect of different dose levels of mycorrhizal fungi (100 g, 150 g and 200 g), neemex (5 g, 10 g and 15 g) and their combination on M. incognita infectivity parameters (Number of galls, egg masses, females, J2/root system and J2/100 cm3 soil), plant growth (root weight, root length, shoot weight and shoot length), nutrients (Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) uptake were conducted. Effect of mycorrhizal fungi and neemex on invasion and development by M. incognita was evaluated under green house conditions. Protective and curative effect of mycorrhizal fungi and neemex alone and in combination was tested against M. incognita, plant growth and nutrients uptake by eggplant. Systemic and local effect of mycorrhizal fungi and neemex was evaluated by using split root technique under green house. Management of M. incognita by mycorrhizal fungi and neemex was also evaluated in micro plot under field conditions. Number of galls, egg masses, females, J2/root system and J2/100 cm3 soil were recorded the maximum in untreated control when performed in green house as compared to other treatments. While plant growth parameters like root weight was higher in control but less in other treatments. Root length, shoot length and shoot weight was higher in treatments of all experiments as compared to control. Major nutrients (NPK) uptake was the maximum at higher dose of MF as compared to un-inoculated healthy plant and inoculated with neemex. Invasion and development by M. incognita was observed lower in mycorrhizal and neemex treated plant roots while maximum nematode developmental stages were observed in control. Mycorrhizal fungi and neemex either local or systemic successfully reduced the infection of M. incognita. Nematode infectivity parameters were reduced; plant growth and nutrient contents were enhanced by the mycorrhizal fungi and neemex either alone or in combination under field conditions and can be used successfully for the biocontrol of Meloidogyne incognita.
کمپیوٹر عصر حاضر کی اہم ضرورت نحمدہ ونصلی علی رسولہ الکریم امّا بعد فاعوذ بااللہ من الشیطن الرجیم بسم اللہ الرحمن الرحیم معزز اسا تذہ کرام اور میرے ہم مکتب ساتھیو! آج مجھے جس موضوع پر اظہار خیال کرنا ہے وہ ہے:’’ کمپیوٹر عصر حاضر کی اہم ضرورت‘‘ کمپیوٹر عقلِ انسانی کا اک انعام ہے زندگی کا سہل اس کے دم سے ہر اک کام ہے صدرِذی وقار! قوموں کی زندگی میں کچھ لمحات ایسے آتے ہیں جو ان کی زندگی میں امر ہو جاتے ہیں۔ قرآنِ پاک میں ہے کہ انسان کے لیے کائنات کی ہر چیز مسخر کر دی گئی ہے۔ ہر چیز انسان کے تابع ہے، انسان جب چاہے، جہاں چاہے اور جیسے چاہے کائنات کے ذرے ذرے پرحکومت کر سکتا ہے، قرآن پاک کی اس آیت نے اہل لب کی زندگی میں انقلاب برپا کر دیا، اور کمپیوٹر کو دیکھ کر قرآن پاک کی یہ حقیقت تو اور بھی الم نشرح ہو جاتی ہے کہ کائنات کی ہر چیز مسخر کر دی گئی ہے۔ جنابِ صدر! کمپیوٹر عصر حاضر کی اہم ضرورت ہے ، یہ ہمارے لاکھوں مسائل حل کر دیتی ہے۔ کمپیوٹر کی ایجاد ایک ایسی ایجاد ہے کہ ہماری بے شمار مشکلات آناًفا ناًدرست انداز میں حل کر دیتی ہے، یہ اعدادوشمار کو جمع کرنے اور ان کا تقابلی جائزہ لینے کے کام بھی آتا ہے، دوسرے الفاظ میں اس کی اپروچ اور ڈاٹا کاعمل انسانی دماغ سے کئی گنا بہتر اور جلدحل ہوجاتا ہے یہ معلومات کو print کرنے کی صلاحیت بھی رکھتا ہے۔ صدرِ ذی وقار! کمپیوٹر عصر حاضر میں اللہ تعالیٰ کا انعام ہے، ایک عظیم نعمت ہے، ایک نفع بخش ایجاد ہے، جس طرح اللہ تعالیٰ نے دنیا کے لیے اپنی نعمتوں کی فراوانی فرمائی ہے، اپنے انعاماتِ رفیعہ سے عوام النّاس کو نوازا...
This study aims at Analysis of Sales Predictions from the Point of View of the Increase in Daily Newspaper Sales. The methods of this research is gather evidence through a variety of approaches, including library analysis and field research. This paper makes use of both qualitative and quantitative evidence. Primary data sources, namely data collected from respondents or direct interviews with business executives, specifically about marketing strategies, especially those relating to promotion. Secondary evidence. Promotional operations are carried out optimally, which is facilitated by sufficient costs, especially in potential areas. Apart from repeat buyers, the organization offers its goods in store, which enables the company to monitor its output figures accurately and seamlessly.
The aim of this study is to document the tangible and intangible cultural heritage of Neelum Valley. Furthermore, it intends to examine the impending threats to these cultural resources and also explores the potential means to utilize them for social development of this conflictridden area of Neelum Valley. The study confirms the antiquity of the area and determines chronological order through archaeological discoveries, which is noted to have begun from Pre- historic period 4th Millennium BCE, up to 18th CE. Archaeological sites, epigraphic records, ethno archaeology and cultural material reveal that the valley was inhabited by a civilization which had rich forms of cultural wealth. The intangible cultural heritage has been examined as reflected in crafts, cuisines, dresses, languages, traditional skills, wooden architectures, cultural spaces and continuity of traditions. The study further underscores that these heritage resources are fading out due to the human vandalism in the form of unregulated tourism, cross border firing, war and excessive commercialization in the Neelum Valley. In addition to this, the natural causes of threats range from natural disasters such as earthquakes, floods, typhoons to effects of climatic changes. Ignorance about the heritage value and inappropriate protection measures can have a devastating impact on theses cultural heritage resources. Effective protection and preservation of the cultural heritage resources will help promoting heritage tourism which will in turn, generate economic activities in the region. The practical implication of the study is the proposed options of heritage tourism across divide, to bring social development in the area.