Antinematicidal resistance has been arising among the gastrointestinal nematodes, primarily Haemonchus (H.) contortus in small ruminants to the commercialized broad- spectrum synthetic chemotherapeutics in Pakistan and other countries of the world. Therefore, the current study, which was carried out on the Karakul breed of sheep in Angora Goat Farm - Rakh Khairewala, Layyah District (Pakistan) , began with the intention of finding out the rampancy of resistance among H. contortus populations in addition to assessing some native medicinal plant extracts for their potency to control the resistant parasite. The experimental animals were allocated to 16 groups (n=15) followed by the demonstration of haemonchosis percentage (˃90%) among other nematodiasis. Three groups were allotted for detection of resistance towards oxfendazole (OXF), levamisole (LEV) HCL and ivermectin (IVM) plus one group for control. The faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) revealed prevalence of resistance to the above drugs with varying levels. Pursuant to the RESO Computer Programme, the calculated FECR% was -56, 75 and78, whilst the lower confidence interval was -311, 38 and 42 for OXF, LEV and IVM, respectively. The LC50 value for oxfendazole, estimated via probit analysis, was 1.86 μg ml 1 ־after performing egg hatch assay (EHA). For studies on phytotherapeutics, 12 groups (n=15) were allotted. However, the same control group was used because, statistically, all the groups are located within the same population. The calculated FECR% for effective crude aqueous-methanol extracts of the tested plants was 94.59, 88.6, 87.5, 85.81 and 85.14 for combined Nicotiana (N.) tabacum leaves and Azadirachta (A.) indica seed kernels, high dose of N. tabacum, low dose of N. tabacum, high dose of combined N. tabacum and Vernonia (V.) anthelmintica seeds, and A. indica, respectively. LC50 values, determined through probit analysis after conducting EHA, were 0.523, 0.566, 1.169, 1.217, 3.138, and 5.95 μg ml 1 ־for combined N. tabacum and A. indica, N. tabacum, A. indica, combined N. tabacum and V. anthelmintica, combined V. anthelmintica and A. indica, and V. anthelmintica respectively. The adult motility test revealed high adulticidal potency of solitary N. tabacum and combined N. tabacum and A. indica which killed 100% of worms after six hours of exposure at the concentration of 25 mg ml ,1 ־whilst the others were less effective. No synergy, additive effect and antagonism were observed.
Background of the Study: To compare the effects of cervical muscles strengthening with and without shoulder exercises on post- mastectomy patients with neck pain.
Methodology: It was a randomized clinical trial, conducted in physical therapy department of a clinical setting through Dynamometer. Sample size of 24 patients were taken. Non-probability convenience sampling technique was used. A written consent form was taken from patients meeting inclusion criteria and were randomly allocated. In one group, patients were treated with cervical Muscles strengthening with shoulder exercises. In other group, patients were treated with cervical Muscles strengthening alone. Treatment was given once a day for three weeks. Muscle strength was examined using dynamometer, Baseline data was taken before treatment on first day after inclusion in study and again on the last day after treatment. SPSS 25 was used to analyze the data.
Results: Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to compare individuals within the group which showed significant results in both groups, p-value 0.000 (i.e. <0.001) for neck strength. Between groups comparison was done using Mann-Whitney U Test and it showed no significant changes for cervical extensors (p- value;0.143) , cervical side bending (right) (p-value; 0.315) and cervical side bending (left) (p-value; 0.853) strength differences, but however cervical flexors strength showed statistically significant results as p-value was 0.003.
Conclusion: It was concluded that Cervical strengthening along with shoulder Rehabilitation can help improve the strength of cervical flexors. However, both the groups have equally resulted in improved cervical extensor, Side bending right and left strength.
The thesis deals with the problem of labeling the vertices, edges and faces of a plane graph in such a way that the label of a face and the labels of vertices and edges surrounding that face add up to a weight of that face. A labeling of a plane graph is called d-antimagic if for every positive integer s, the s-sided face weights form an arithmetic progression with a difference d. Such a labeling is called super if the smallest possible labels appear on the vertices. The thesis is devoted to study of super d-antimagic labelings of type (1, 1, 1) for antiprisms and disjoint union of prisms. We consider the antiprism and prism as three cycle parts: the outer cycle, the inner cycle and the middle cycle. To label the inner, the outer and the middle cycles we use the edge-antimagic total labelings and the vertex-antimagic total labelings. These labelings combine to a resulting super d-antimagic labeling of type (1, 1, 1) for the required values of difference d.