In present investigation, apricots from locally grown ‘Sufeda’ variety were treated with edible coatings; chitosan and alginate @ 1 and 2% levels along with zinc salts fortification i.e. zinc sulfate and zinc chloride @ 30 and 50 ppm concentration. The compositional analysis showed that apricot is a good source of protein, fiber, calcium and potassium. The zinc fortified chitosan coated apricots showed better control over weight & moisture loss, TSS contents, pH & acidity, organic acids and sugars as compared to alginate based coatings. Similarly, chitosan coatings were efficient in the distribution and adsorption of zinc to the apricot surface as contrast to alginate ones. The edible coated zinc fortified apricots were affected significantly during storage as exhibited by their physico-chemical analyses. The results depicted that the maximum zinc contents of fortified coated apricot was noticed in T12 (2% chitosan containing with 50 ppm ZnSO4) 4.83±0.24mg/100g followed by T16 (2% chitosan containing with 50 ppm ZnCl2) 4.82±0.21mg/100g, T4 (2% alginate containing with 50 ppm ZnSO4) 4.78±0.23mg/100g and T8 (2% alginate containing with 50 ppm ZnCl2) 4.77±0.12mg/100g, respectively as contrast to T0 (control) 0.26±0.02mg/100g. The sensory response of the fortified edible coated apricots was remained within range during storage. Afterwards, efficacy study was carried out in rabbits through two consecutive trials I & II for the validity of results. On the basis of in vitro analysis, HPLC characterization (citric & ascorbic acid and sugars) and zinc contents in edible coated zinc fortified apricots, four best treatments two from each coatings having different zinc salts T4, T8, T12 and T16 alongside control (unfortified apricots) were selected for the bio-evaluation trial. The consumption of zinc fortified chitosan and alginate coated apricots imparted substantial effect on feed & drink intake and body & organs weights during entire study. Likewise, serum and organs zinc contents of experimental rabbits were significantly improved by the provision of zinc fortified apricots with maximum serum zinc was observed in G3 (apricot containing 2% chitosan coating with 50 ppm ZnSO4), G1 (apricot containing 2% alginate coating with 50 ppm ZnSO4) G4 (apricot containing 2% chitosan coating with 50 ppm ZnCl2) and G2 (apricot containing 2% alginate coating with 50 ppm ZnCl2) as 89.71±2.26, 87.43±2.14, 83.51±2.41 and 81.49±2.46μg/dL, respectively as comparison to G0 as 72.56±2.85μg/dL. The percent increase in serum zinc was 24.63, 20.50, 15.09 and 12.31% in G3, G1, G4 and G2, respectively as comparison to G0. Similarly, liver zinc was noticed as 23.97±1.41, 23.71±1.15, 23.53±1.28 and 23.36±1.45μg/g in G3, G1, G4 and G2 as contrast to G0 by 22.42±1.36μg/g. Whilst in heart, maximum zinc was 17.59±0.55, 17.46±0.54, 17.22±0.42 and 17.18±0.46μg/g in G3, G1, G4 and G2 whereas, minimum in G0 as 17.11±0.50μg/g. Whereas in kidney, zinc contents in G3, G1, G4 and G2 were noticed as 25.18±1.23, 24.97±1.56, 24.65±1.11 and 24.40±1.30μg/g in association to G0 23.53±1.47μg/g. Results showed that percent increase in liver, heart and kidney zinc were 6.91, 2.84, 7.03 (G3); 5.72, 2.08, 6.12 (G1); 4.95, 0.66, 4.76 (G4) and 4.19, 0.43, 3.68% (G2), respectively compared to G0. The attenuation in serum glucose of rabbits is an indicator for the positive impact of zinc salts fortification on this trait. The lowest serum glucose was 111.79±4.48mg/dL in G3 nevertheless, maximum serum insulin 9.38±0.51μU/mL was observed in the same group. Similarly, the values for liver and kidney functions tests were within the normal range showing the safety of zinc fortified edible coated apricots. The hematological traits of rabbit’s blood also demonstrated normal values for red & white blood cell indices. From instant exploration, it is deduced that zinc fortification through edible coating is a pragmatic choice to overcome hidden hunger with special reference to zinc.
ہے کوئی سوگوار، تو کوئی خفا لگے میرا وہ ہمسفر ہے تو دنیا کو کیا لگے ۔پنچھی خزاؤںمیں بھی اسی کا کریں طواف یعنی کسی درخت کو تیری دعا لگے آب و ہوا پہ چھانے لگی ہے شگفتگی موسم بھی تیرے حسن میں اب مبتلا لگے آنے لگی صدا، کہ مدد چاہیے ہمیں ہم بھی عظیم لوگ تھے،کوفے سے جا لگے سہتے ہیں اضطراب مگر توڑتے نہیں گلشن میں کوئی پھول اگر بے وفا لگے مر جائے گا مگر نہیں بیچے گا وہ ضمیر کشمیر! جس وجود کو تیری ہوا لگے اک عکس اُس میں کھلتے ہی تصویر ہو گیا گھر میں جو آئنہ مجھے سب سے جدا لگے
Islam is a complete code of life and provides the rights to every class of the human beings. Women rights is a kind of such basic rights which were not bothered in the world but Islam provided it to this gender in its ancient age. So many enactments have been made in Pakistan at federal and provincial level. “Punjab Protection of Women Against Violence Act 2016” will be main study of this research article in which. This act was passed rapidly without any detailed discussion on it, so is the reason that it bears so may deficiencies in it. Implementation of this act will surely cause to create the internal problems in family life and will destroy the family system of the era. Some provisions of this act are repugnant to Islamic teachings as well as to ethical norms which make the husband helpless, notorious and such sinful and criminal person who has no right of honor and respect in the society and this will become a permanent document of dishonor which will affect his person as well as his whole family. These main points of this Act will be analyzed in sharia perspective in this research paper.
This study was conducted in selected areas of Khyber Pukhtoonkhwa Pakistan, namely northern, central and southern regions, with the objective to determine clinico-pathological manifestation of contagious Caprine pleuropneumonia in field outbreak and documented its pathogenesis in experimental animals. The first study included isolation and identification of Mycoplasma species from field outbreaks by usage of a selective differentiating hay flick medium, growth inhibition test and a Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) test. Out of 120 inoculated samples, 30% and 22.5% were positive on culture from lungs and pleura. Isolates were identified as Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies capri by a growth inhibition test and PCR. Similarly, tissue samples that were negative on culture were also subjected to PCR analysis. Out of 120 samples 62.5% and 54.16% from lungs and pleura, respectively, were positive. On statistical analysis, a significant difference (P<0.05) was found between results of PCR and culture. This difference reflects that the PCR technique is more sensitive than the culture method. Based upon these findings, disease was prevalent in almost all selected regions of province. The predominant clinical findings include pyrexia, nasal discharges catarrhal initially turned into mucopurulent in the advance stage, excessive lacremation, unilateral and bilateral conjunctivitis with corneal opacity, painful cough, dysponia, weakness, reluctant movement, extended neck, abduction of the elbow and diarrhea. The majority of animals presented pathological lesions in the form of consolidation and marbled appearance of lungs with fibrinopurulent membrane on pleural surface. Straw colored pleural fluid was present in pleural cavity with pleural adhesion, hydro pericardial fluid in pericardial sac, necrotic foci on surface of the liver and pus in the pelvis of kidneys. Histopathological lesions revealed emphysema, atelactasis with interstitial and bronchopneumonia and thickening of interlobular septa with extensive infiltration of polymorph nucleated cells. In second experiment, isolated Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies capri was inoculated into twelve goats to study detailed pathogenesis and usage of immunohistochemical techniques for detection and confirmation of Mycoplasma antigen within paraffin-embedded tissue sections. Almost all animals exhibited signs of disease. Signs of disease appeared in acute septicemic form with fever and nasal discharges on sixth day after inoculation and became more pronounced and severe at by the third and fourth weeks and then progressed to moderate and chronic forms. The pattern of disease development was similar as in a field outbreak, but was more severe in nature. On scoring clinical signs of disease, it presented a specific pattern of infection mild at the beginning and became more severe at the third and fourth weeks and then progressed to moderate and chronic forms. Similarly, gross and microscopic lesions were also recorded in selected organs. In experimental infection, the disease adopted the same pattern of clinical course as in natural outbreak. Four animals were found dead and three developed nervous signs during the course of study. Gross and histopathological lesions were recorded in almost all organs. To demonstrate Mycoplasma antigens in tissues, a special immunohistochemical technique called the labeled streptavidin biotin (LSAB) method was used with hyper-immune serum raised in rabbits against the reference species. Antigen of Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies capri was detected in tissue sections of lungs and lymph nodes. Out of 12 samples, 7 were positive for the immunohistochemical reaction. Mycoplasma antigen was detected in cytoplasm of alveolar macrophages and in the walls of alveoli. This positive result indicated the importance of these cells in host defense mechanism against Mycoplasma. The result also confirmed that the antigen was the same as that inoculated in experimentally infected animals. Samples of all infected goats were found positive by PCR for confirmation of antigens. By comparing results of IHC and PCR, significant difference (P<0.05) was found. This result revealed that PCR is a more sensitive and effective tool for confirmation of the antigen. In conclusion, it was indicated from the present study that CCPP is a wide spread disease in Pakistan, caused by Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies capri and the disease was efficiently iireproduced in experimental animals that adopted acute septicemic form with lethal outcomes. The PCR technique was a more rapid and sensitive tool for diagnosis of CCPP and the immunohistochemical technique was optimized for the first time in Pakistan for detection of antigen within tissues. Key words: Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia, growth inhibition test, PCR, Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies capri, immunohistochemistry, hyperimmune serum