عصر حاضر كی اجتہادی كاوشوں میں مقاصد شریعت كی رعایت

Ijtiha'd is to make utmost endeavor in the light of the basic sources of Islam, the Qur'an and Sunnah to develop the most viable rulings on the new challenges of the time. Muslim scholars have always risen to new challenges. In the contemporary period many Muslim scholars attempted to resolve new problems keeping in view the very objectives of Islamic Law (mtufd al-shari’ah) , which is totally different from literal understanding and application of the rulings of the Qur'an and Sunnah. This article seeks to highlight the contribution of some Muslim scholars in the contemporary period to the application of matpsid al-shari'ah as a principle of ijtihud

High Performance Work Systems and Employees Pro-Change Reactions: A Social and Economic Exchange Perspective

Using Social exchange perspective, this study investigates the impact of High Performance Work Systems (HPWS) on employees‘ pro-change attitudes and behaviors (i.e., Commitment to change and behavioral support for change). It also endeavors to examine the underpinning micro-mechanisms of HPWS and employees‘ pro-change behaviors, suggesting that social & economic exchanges are the important mediating variables. Moreover, this study proposes an integrative moderated mediation model and posits that employees‘ cultural values (power distance and collectivism) moderate the aforementioned two alternative mediation mechanisms. Using random sampling technique, a sample of 591 full-time employees of largest public sector bank of Pakistan undergoing privatization are surveyed during September-December 2017. Proposed hypotheses are tested through Structural Model in AMOS. The results reveal that perceptions of social exchange partially mediate the positive relationship between HPWS –Affective CTC and HPWS-Normative CTC. On the other hand, perceptions of economic exchange fully mediate the HPWS- Continuance CTC.In addition, the relationship between HPWS-Affective CTC and HPWS-Normative CTC via social exchange is stronger for employees scoring high collectivism and low power distant orientation. Similarly, the relationship between HPWS-continuance CTC via economic exchange is stronger for employees scoring low collectivism and vice versa. However, the moderated mediated impact of power distance on HPWS-continuance CTC via economic exchange remained insignificant. In addition, the impact of CTC components on behavioral support for change is found to be statistically significant. In the end, practical and theoretical implications of HPWS- employees‘ pro-change reactions are discussed in the light ofresults.