عہد نبوی میں نوجوان صحابہ کرام کا بطور معلم تقرر اور اصلاح معاشرہ میں ان کا کردار

It is above-board that teachers play an important role in forming, formulating, molding and developing the society as individuals and as a whole. The youth has ever been an icon to lead the community in every sphere of life. The young stuff has played the pivotal role in preaching, scribing, teaching, political, economic and even diplomatic fields. The present research article explores the role of various companions of Holy Prophet (r) in these fields. Firstly, the Holy Prophet (r) groomed his companions, stormed their brains and paved them on the Divine way, then sent them to the said fields to work. Among those companions, Ḥaḍrat Muṣ‘ab bin ‘Umayr, Mu‘ādh bin Jabal, ‘Abdullāh ibn e Maktūm, Rāfi‘ bin Mālik, ‘Abdullāh ibn e Mas‘ūd, ‘Abdullāh ibn e ‘Abbās, Abū Sa‘īd Khudrī (y) as well as from females Ḥaḍrat ‘Āyshah, Ḥaḍrat Ḥafṣah, Shifā bint-e-‘Abdullah etc. Were appointed as preachers. Their task was not only to teach and educate the community rather to present themselves before them as paragon for their particular fields. The research concludes that the Prophet (r) laid down a criteria for selection of the teachers of Muslim Ummah. The selection criteria of the Prophet (r) was based not only on contingent variables but also on some special characteristics like teaching and training, potential empathy for the learners and a passion for social reformation. As a result, these preachers, after practicing their ideal and best performance, produced numerous educations, merchants, facilitators and reformers in the society. The present research paper will explore the companions’ efforts for the reformation of the society.

Role of Financial and Operating Leverage in Firms? Profitability During Pre & Post 2008 Financial Crisis: An Investigation from Chemical Sector of Pakistan

This study investigates the role of financial and operating leverages in firms? profitability before and after financial recession/crisis of 2008 focusing on chemical sector firms listed on the Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX). The period of study selected is from 2004 to 2015. The ROE is taken as dependent variable. The Financial Leverage (FL) and Operating Leverage (OL) are chosen as independent variables or predictors. Three other variables like Assets Utilization (AU), Non-Debt Tax Shield (NDTS) and Age have been introduced as control variables. Another variable named Pre/Post is introduced as a dummy variable for the indication of pre and post financial crisis 2008. A population of all 43 firms listed on PSX is selected. The 29 chosen firms relate to the chemical sector directly whereas 14 firms are indirectly related to the chemical industry.The data used in the analysis has been gathered from secondary sources i.e. from the SBP?s publications. The regression model used is panel linear model (PLM). The unbalanced data panel has been used in the analysis. Similarly, the random effect approach has been applied.The Stata statistical software has been used to estimate the relationship between predicted/dependent and predictor/independent variables. Following outcomes have been accomplished after the examination; the FL has a negative but significant relationship with the firm?s profitability whereas the OL has a positive but non-significant relationship with the firm?s profitability. The AU has shown a positive and significant relationship with the firm?s profitability. Whereas other predictors like Age, NTDS have proved a positive but non-significant relationship with the firm?s ?ROE?. Both types of leverages have shown a negative impact on the firm?s profitability after the global financial crisis in 2008. Keywords: Profitability, Financial leverage, Operating leverage, Assets Utilization, Age, non-debt tax shield, Financial Recession/Crisis 2008 and Pre/Post.