Nigella sativa (Kalongi) seeds are well-known for the improvement of human health and used as folk medicine in treatment of various ailments. This is because of the fact that the seeds are a good source of several essential macro and micro nutrients as well as of many biologically active compounds. In present work electrochemical study of thymoquinone, which is the main active constituent of the N. sativa seed, was done using cyclic voltammetric technique at glassy carbon electrode versus saturated calomel electrode. Through cyclic voltammetry different quantitative and qualitative characteristics of Fe(III)-Thymoquinone complex, Cr(VI)-Thymoquinone complex, Cu(II)-Thymoquinone complex and Co(II)-Thymoquinone complex were determined. In all cases NaCl was used as supporting electrolyte except Cu(II)-Thymoquinone complex where LiCl was also used. The results showed quasi-reversible electron transfer reaction for all above mentioned complexes; however, in case of Cu(II)-Thymoquinone complex a shift from quasi-reversible to reversible behavior was observed. Effect of various parameters, such as scan rate, concentration and metal ligand ratio on complexes was noted by varying any one of them at one time while keeping others constant. Effect of repeated scanning was also examined. Results revealed presence of pre equilibrium charge transfer process in cases of Cr(VI)-Thymoquinone complex, Co(II)-Thymoquinone complex and Cu(II)-Thymoquinone complex, whereas post equilibrium charge transfer process in Fe(III)-Thymoquinone complex. The quantitative study with cyclic voltammetry showed that the use of a glassy carbon electrode could be helpful to quantify these complexes (Fe(III)-Thymoquinone complex and Co(II)- Thymoquinone complex 2 x 10 -5 to 1.2 x 10 -3 M, Cr(VI)-Thymoquinone complex 2 x 10 -4 to 1.2 x 10 -3 M and Cu(II)-Thymoquinone complex 2 x 10 -4 to 1.6 x 10 -3 M ). Hence this method can be used in the pharmaceutical quality control assay of these complexes. Values of transfer coefficient α and β, diffusion coefficient and E ̊ were also calculated for each complex. In addition, electrochemical study of V(IV)-Thymoquinone complex and Fe(III)-Thymol complex, Cr(VI)-Thymol complex, Cu(II)-Thymol complex, V(IV)-Thymol complex and Co(II)-Thymol complex was also performed which was not done in detail due to lack of time and facilities. Thymol is another active constituent of the black seed. Results indicated that cyclic voltammetry could also be helpful for determination of various quantitative and qualitative parameters of this constituent and its complexes. VIBefore performing electrochemical study some physical properties of the black seed were determined including moisture content and dissolved (DS) and undissolved solid (UDS) contents of the seed. Comparison of the results obtained for DS and UDS in aqueous and acidic medium showed that fast absorption of the seeds may take place in the acidic environment of stomach. The seed was also examined for its elemental composition using scanning electron microscopy which showed presence of several essential macro as well as micro elements in the seed. In order to find out suitable pH for complex formation, complexation of thymoquinone and thymol with Fe(III), Cr(VI), Cu(II), V(IV) and Co(II) was also investigated by pH-metry. Results revealed that out of above mentioned metals Fe(III) and V(IV) forms relatively stable complexes with both ligands. Moreover, they formed complexes at low pH while rest of the metals at high pH. Comparison of thymol and thymoquinone complexes indicates that thymoquinone forms more stable complexes with all mentioned metals as compared to thymol. pK a of both ligands was also determined. Present research also reveals that in case of heavy metal toxicity (specially by Fe(III), Cr(VI), Cu(II), V(IV) and Co(II)) thymoquinone and thymol could be helpful to remove them from the body. As both of the compounds form complexes with all above mentioned metals, they can be used in chelation therapy to remove toxic metals. It is also possible that both thymoquinone and thymol being antioxidants could reduce these metals, for example Fe (III) to Fe (II), Cr (VI) to Cr (III) etc. and hence converting these metals into their reduced form which is beneficial for the human body.
نازک الملائکۃ شاعرۃ مشھورۃ وکاتبۃ مثقفۃ وناقدۃ بارعۃ لھا مؤلفات قیمۃ في الوسط الأدبي. حصلت الشاعرۃ علی أکبر مرکز أدبي وصلت إلیہ امرأۃ عربیۃ حتی ذلک الوقت وھي قائدۃ ورائدۃ في الحقلین الشعري والنقدي وھذا انجاز لا یستطیع أحد أن یأخذہ منھا[1]، ولھا کتب في النقد: منھا:
(1) ’’قضایا الشعر المعاصر‘‘ صدر في عام 1962م ونشر لأول مرۃ في بغداد.
ومن أھم دواوینھا:
(2) عاشقۃ اللیل 1947م نشر في بغداد، وھذا أول قصائدھا[2]
(3) قرارۃ الموجۃ 1957م۔
(4) شجرۃ القمر 1968م۔
(5) یغیر ألونہ البحر 1970م۔
(6) مأساۃ الحیاۃ وأغنیۃ للإنسان1977م.
(7) الصلاۃ والثورة1978م.
(8) التجزیئیۃ في المجتمع العربي المعاصر 1974م وھي دراسۃ علم الإجتماع۔ وتجعل الشاعرۃ لنفسھا مکانۃ ممیزۃ فریدۃ وترید أن تثبت شخصیتھا الجدیدۃ وأن تبدع لنفسھا شيئاً حديثاً موافقاً للعصر الحدیث مختلفاً عن العصر القدیم۔
شيء عن مؤلفات الشاعرۃ
نازک الملائکۃ شاعرۃ معروفۃ ومشھورۃ وکاتبۃ مثقفۃ وناقدۃ بارعۃ لھا مؤلفات قیمۃ في الوسط الأدبي۔
تناولت الشاعرۃ الکثیر من قضایا المجتمع وحاولت البحث عن بعض مشاکل المجتمع والبحث عن السعادۃ وما إلی ذلك۔
ولھا کتب في النقد منھا:
1۔ ’’قضایا الشعر المعاصر‘‘ صدر في عام1962م ونشرت لأول مرۃ في بغداد وتنسب إلی نفسھا ریادۃ الشعر الحر بقصیدتھا (الکولیرا) وتصور مشاعرھا تجاہ مصر الشقیقہ خلال وباء الکولیرا. وضحت الشاعرۃ في کتابھا ’’قضایا الشعر المعاصر‘‘ أن الشعر الحر اندفاعۃ اجتماعیۃ[3]۔ والعروض العام للشعر الحر[4]، والشعر الحر أسلوب[5] ثم بحور الشعر الحر[6]، وأیضاً وضحت بأن...
Allama Muhammad Iqbal became popular after the translations of his work into Arabic. Scholars, thinkers, writers, and politicians of Arabia were very much influenced by his literary works. A number of books were written on him. Other scholars and Muslim thinkers study his works with keen interest even in the modern times. The universities and other institutions in the Arabian countries have concentrated and contributed in the establishment of academic studies on various aspects of his life, literary works and different translations. This article intended to briefly cover Seminars and celebrations commemorating Iqbal in the Arab countries.
Strawberry is highly nutritious and economically important small fruit crop. In Pakistan strawberry yield and area is very less. Poor and irregular pre harvest practices cause decrease in marketable yield and shelf life. This research was executed to observe the pre and postharvest effects of salts and growth regulators on marketable yield and qualitative characteristics of strawberry. Pre harvest foliar practices consisted of CaCl2 (0, 3, 5, 7 mM), ZnSO4 (0, 50, 100, 150 mg L-1), GA3 (0, 50, 100, 150 mg L-1) and SA (0, 3, 6, 9 mM) those were sprayed on strawberry plants at different growth stages (three to four leaves stage and during fruit setting) to enhance the growth, marketable yield and quality attributes of strawberry. Among the CaCl2 treatments 7 mM was found best for enhancing leaf growth (15.25 plant-1), leaf area (37.0 cm2), crown growth (6.50 plant-1) and runners (7.0 plant-1) during growing season. Maximum marketable yield (348.50 g plant-1), fruit firmness (0.96 kg. cm-2), vitamin C contents (55.69 mg 100 g-1) and TPC (186.50 GAE mg 100 g-1) were also observed with 7 mM CaCl2 treatment. Foliar spray of 100 mg L-1 ZnSO4 was found best for enhancing leaf growth (18.25 plant-1), leaf area (52.0 cm2), crowns (7.0 plant-1) and marketable yield (369.0 g plant-1) with lower unmarketable fruit. Foliar application of 9 mM SA was observed better for increasing the leaf production (19.25 plant-1), leaf area (51.0 cm2), crowns (7.50 plant-1) and runners (6.75 plant-1). Minimum numbers of days (20.0) were required for flower anthesis when plants were sprayed with 9 mM SA foliar spray. Maximum marketable yield (414.25 g plant-1), vitamin C contents (56.72 mg 100 g-1), phenolic contents (191.50 GAE mg 100 g-1) and higher antioxidant activities (71.25% DPPH) were also noted from strawberry fruits where plants were treated with 9 mM SA foliar spray. Gibberellic acid (150 mg L-1) showed the superiority for enhancing the vegetative growth while marketable yield and fruit quality was not improved with same concentration of GA3. Maximum marketable yield (381.50 g plant-1), fruit TSS contents (7.85 ºBrix), vitamin C contents (52.23 mg 100 g-1) and higher antioxidant activities (64.75% DPPH) were observed from 100 mg L-1 GA3. Confirmatory trial was conducted for comparing the previous year best treatments from each experiment. By comparing, it was concluded that 9 mM SA foliar spray increased the marketable yield; improved quality attributes and extended the survival mechanism of strawberry plants during growing season. In postharvest study, maximum vitamin C contents (43.90 mg 100 g-1), TPC (132.75 mg 100 g-1), reduction in weight loss (6.08%) of strawberries and maximum firmness (0.42 kg. cm-2) was retained with higher concentration of CaCl2 (6 mM). During storage minimum TSS (7.85 ºBrix), maximum acid contents (0.62%) and total antioxidants (39.0% DPPH) were observed with SA (5 mM) application. In postharvest study it was confirmed that dipping application of CaCl2 (6 mM) and SA (5 mM) retained the quality attributes during 15 days of storage.