Chromium is one of the toxic heavy metals, which is extensively discharged from tanning industry to the environment. Chromium has binding potential to biomolecules in living systems and cause toxicity to biological life. Leather industry has been categorized as one of the highly polluting industry. Tanning industry is polluting the environment at a higher rate with huge amount of harmful material. These pollutants are also harmful for environment, humans and aquatic organisms. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of chromium on selected endocrine hormones, oxidative stress, DNA damage, biochemical and haematological parameters of tannery workers and environmental parameters. Two major cities, Peshawar and Sheikhupura, were selected for the sampling sites. Samples of effluents, ground water, soil and vegetables were collected from the neighboring vicinity of tanning industries. The background area and adjoining villages were considered as control areas. Seven trace metals (Cr, Cu, Ni, Cd, Pb, Fe, and Zn) were investigated in tannery effluents, ground water, soil and dietary vegetables (Spinacia oleracea, Solanum tuberusom and Solanum melongena) samples using Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. It was observed that both soil and groundwater of study area were badly affected by the toxic elements discharged by tanning industries. The maximum level of Cr in tannery effluents was 350.15 mg/l, while in the soil sample it approached to 31.13mg/l. The values of chromium, cobalt, cadmium, lead and iron in the tannery effluents from Sheikhupura and Peshawar were above the permissible limits set by WHO (World health organization) and FAO (Food and Agriculture organization). The concentration of chromium, cadmium, nickel and lead in study area ground water from Sheikhupura and Peshawar exceeded the standards of NSDWQ/Pak (National standard for drinking water quality). Vegetables irrigated with tannery effluents showed elevated level of Cr, Zn, Ni and Cd, which were above the permissible limits of WHO/FO. There was a significant positive correlation between all the trace metals in three media, tannery effluent, soil and ground water (p<0.001). The metal to metal association was supported by dendrograms using cluster analysis. A total of 240 smoking and nonsmoking individuals were registered in the study, including 120 chromium exposed tannery workers and 120 controls. The workers were selected from the tanneries of Sheikhupura and Peshawar, Pakistan. The average age of exposure group I was 20-35 years, exposure group II was 36-50 years and controls were 20-50 years. Hormonal parameters in the blood samples were determined by commercial kit, Chemiluminescent Microparticle Immunoassay (CMIA). Oxidative stress parameters were measured in the blood samples by spectrophotometric methods. DNA damage in lymphocytes was measured by comet assay (single-cell gel electrophoresis). Blood samples were collected from different age group subjects (chromium exposed tannery workers and controls). The results revealed that both smoking and nonsmoking exposed groups showed significantly higher chromium levels in blood and urine than those of unexposed groups. The levels of testosterone (326.238± 12), (306.636±13.8) and growth hormones (0.1030±0.03), (0.0734±0.01) were significantly decreased in both age groups of male tannery workers exposed to chromium. The level of progesterone (2.416 ± 1.1), estradiol (48.879 ± 40.1), luteinizing (1.9692± 0.82) and growth hormones of female tannery workers (0.7983±0.1) were significantly decreased while follicle stimulating hormone (9.2857 ± 0.7) was significantly increased as compared to unexposed population. Thyroid stimulating hormone, triiodothyronine and tetraiodothyronine hormones were not affected in tannery workers. The hormones in tannery workers in group II aged (36-50) were more affected due to long-term Cr exposure as compared to group 1 with short term chromium exposure and controls. This was further supported by correlation and regression analyses of the data. Pearson correlation showed that the levels of sex hormones (testosterone, progesterone, estradiol and luteinizing hormone) and growth hormone had negative correlation with blood chromium concentration in tannery workers. The present study revealed that occupational exposure to Cr (VI) and Cr (III) can lead to a detectable DNA damage in tannery workers. DNA damage (28.79± 2.154), (25.41± 7.199) in smoking and nonsmoking tannery workers were significantly higher than those of unexposed groups. In addition, DNA damage was significantly associated with concentration of chromium in blood. Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels (11.00 ± 0.7), (8.77± 2.3) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) concentrations (75.178± 2.3), (79.52±1.9) of smoking and nonsmoking exposed groups were significantly higher than those of unexposed groups. While glutathione (GSH) levels (59.926 ± 1.5), (55.702 ± 2.3) in smoking and nonsmoking exposed groups were significantly lower when compared with unexposed groups. Oxidative stress parameters and DNA damage in group II tannery workers aged (36- 50) with long-term Cr exposure were more affected as compared to tannery workers in group I with short term chromium exposure and controls. This investigation was further supported by correlation analysis. There was positive correlation between levels of blood chromium and DNA damage, MDA and SOD levels, while negative correlation was observed between blood chromium concentration and GSH levels in tannery workers. The results showed that duration of exposure and smoking has significant effect on DNA damage and oxidative stress parameters in tannery workers. The present study also described biochemical and haematological defects in tannery workers exposed to hexavalent chromium. From the findings, it is evident that white blood cells (WBC) (8.373±0.7), red blood cells (RBC) (4.12±0.5), haemoglobin (Hb) (10.02±1.14), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) (25.91±1.50), and packed cell volume (PCV) (42.62±2.0) were lower in exposed groups than that of controls. The values of liver function tests of tannery workers were found to be within the normal range in both the age groups except alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity (121.28±8.3), which was significantly increased in exposed groups. All other biochemical parameters were found to be within the normal range except the albumin (Alb) levels which was significantly decreased in exposed groups. The present study found that occupational exposure to chromium can lead to health hazards including hormonal abnormalities, oxidative stress, DNA damage and hematological and biochemical defects in tannery workers.
مولانا محمد شاہد فاخری افسوس ہے کہ گزشتہ ماہ مولانا محمد شاہد فاخری نے وفات پائی، وہ الہ آباد کے مشہور مذہبی خانوادہ دائرہ شاہ اجمل سے تعلق رکھتے تھے، مذہبی کاموں کے ساتھ ان کو ملک کے سماجی اور سیاسی مسائل سے بھی دلچسپی تھی، وہ جمعیۃ علمائے ہند کے نائب صدر تھے، انھوں نے آزادی کی جدوجہد میں نمایاں حصہ لیا تھا اور قیدوبند میں بھی مبتلا ہوئے تھے، آزادی کے بعد بھی وہ ملک و ملت کی خدمت میں لگے رہے اور اس راہ میں مشکلات و مصائب برداشت کرتے رہے، وہ دارالمصنفین کے کاموں کے بڑے قدرداں اور مداح تھے، اﷲ تعالیٰ ان کی مغفرت فرمائے اور انھیں اپنی رحمتوں سے سرفراز فرمائے۔ (عبد السلام قدوائی ندوی، اکتوبر ۱۹۷۵ء)
In Arabic language the source from which all nouns and verbs are derived is called (المصدر). Verbal noun (Al-Masdar: (المصدر is a very important derivative in Arabic. It is a noun derived from the verb to refer to the action or activity implied in the verb, e. G. ((كتابة “writing” as a process- derived from the verb (كتب) to “write”. A verbal noun represents a change in the form of a verb which allows it to be used as a noun in a sentence. Verbal noun is a type of noun which can bear the article (ال) or tanwin (تنوين ) and can be declined according to the sentence i.e. Nominative, accusative and genitive case. This article deals with the verbal nouns in the Holy Quran that appeared once in the nominative case and in other Qiraat it was read as accusative case. For e.g. (Al-Hamd) is read as nominative and accusative form. الرفع على قراءة حفص: ( الحمدُ لله رب العالمين ) و فى قراءة أخرى : ( الحمدَ لله رب العالمين ) Likewise other examples are: (سورةٌ أنزلناها )- (سورةً أنزلناها) (سلامٌ عليك)- (سلامًا عليك) Similarly : النصب على قراءة حفص: ( و بالوالدين إحسانًا) و فى قراءة أخرى : ( و بالوالدين إحسانٌ) Thus, the article highlights the semantic treasures embedded in the Qiraat of the Holy-Quran.
The crude extracts, fractions and isolated marmelosin were investigated to rationalize the therapeutic potentials in cardiovascular disorders. Heart and aorta were isolated from Wistar rat for working and Langendorff’s heart and aortic ring preparations. Preliminarily, Langendorff’s heart determined the following studies. Firstly, working heart was performed at fixed preload of 15 cmH2O and afterload of 80 cmH2O. Secondly, variable preload 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 cmH2O was employed, whereas, afterload was fixed at 80 cmH2O. In Ca++ paradox; Ca++ free KH perfused the heart, afterwards, firstly normal KH, secondly normal KH plus Am.Cr and thirdly Ca++ free KH plus Am.Cr and normal KH plus Am.Cr. In Langendorff’s heart Am.Cr and Pc.Cr increased the left ventricle (LVP) and systolic pressures (SP). This determined the path to study in more detail. Am.Cr; exhibited biphasic effect on dP/dt(max) dose-dependently in working heart. Am.Cr increased the AoF and EF dose-dependently. Am.Cr increased the dP/dt(min), DP and EDP. The SV and CP were increased at higher doses. CE was decreased while SP, PASP and RPP were unaffected. In aorta Am.Cr inhibited PE and high K+-induced contractions in both +veEnd and -veEnd, showing VDCCs and ROCCs blocking effect and release of Ca++ from sarcoplasmic reticulum.Am.Cr shifted the Ca++CRCs to the left at lower and to the right at higher doses showing agonists and antagonistic effect on Ca++ channels. At variable preload the heart was pretreated by 3.0, 30.0 and 100 mg/mL of Am.Cr. The AoF, LVP and CVR were increased by acute preload reduction that followed by load-dependent increase. The CE was decreased dose- and load-dependently. The dP/dt(max) and HR were decreased, whereas dP/dt (min) showed dose- and load-dependent increase. The CO increased variably while PASP and MW were unaffected. In calcium paradox experiments; Ca++ free perfusion decreased the contractility whereas, Am.Cr increased the contractility whether it was added in Ca++ free or normal KH solution at various series of experiments. Aq.Fr.Cr decreased the dP/dt(max) and RPP significantly in working heart. It increased AoF, DP, CO and CP. The dP/dt(min) was reduced.Aq.Fr.Cr caused dose-dependent minimal reduction in CE. The EDP, SP, PASP, EF and SV were unaffected. Aq.Fr.Cr induced dose-dependent relaxation of PE- and high K+-induced contractions in +veEnd aortic rings. In -veEnd rings; it inhibits PE-induced contraction only, whereas in high K+-induced contraction Aq.Fr.Cr failed to relax. The cumulative addition to the L-NAME pre-incubated and PE pre-contracted +veEnd rings did not show relaxation. This explains endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation through NO/cGMP pathway. At variable preloads; pretreatment ofthe heart with 1.0, 10.0 and 30.0 mg/ml of Aq.Fr.Cr; increased the AoF, LVP and CVR by acute preload reduction while preload increment caused load-dependent increase. The dP/dt(max) and HR were decreased by acute preload reduction and was not affected by preload increase. The dP/dt(min) was decreased by acute preload reduction while increasing preload caused load-dependent increase. CE was decreased at all changes in preload. The PASP, MW and CO were minimally affected during preload changes. But.Fr.Cr increased dP/dt(max), dP/dt(min), AoF, SP, CP and CO in working heart. The PASP, EF, SV and RPP were decreased. CE was decreased significantly and dose-dependently. In aorta; But.Fr.Cr induced inhibitory effect in both +veEnd and -veEnd ring pre-contracted by PE and high K+. This shows blockade of ROCCs, VDCCs and release of Ca++ from sarcoplasmic reticulum. But.Fr.Cr at lower concentrations caused leftward and at higher concentrations rightward shift of Ca++ CRCs showing calcium channel agonists and antagonistic activities. At variable preload; the heart was pretreated by 0.01, 0.1 and 1.0 mg/mL of But.Fr.Cr. The AoF, LVP and CVR were increased by acute preload reduction and continued by increasing preload. The dP/dt(max) and dP/dt(min) were decreased by preload reduction and not affected by increasing preload. HR was decreased by acute preload reduction and continued during increase in preload. The PASP, MW and CE were decreased at all preloads. The CO was less affected. ISD Marm increased the AoF, CO and CP in working heart. The dP/dt(max) was decreased minimally while dP/dt(min) and HR were decreased significantly at higher doses. CE decreased dose-dependently. The SP, DP, PASP, EDP, EF and RPP were not affected. STD Marm reduced the CE and increased the AoF, CO, CP, SV and EF comparatively more than ISD Marm. The dP/dt(max), dP/dt(min), HR, SP, DP, EDP and RPP were reduced whereas SV was not affected. In aorta; STD Marm induced dose-dependent relaxation in both +veEnd and -veEnd PE precontracted rings. This was significant at higher doses in +veEnd rings. Whereas in high K+ precontracted +veEnd and -veEnd rings it showed insignificant effect. The cumulative addition to L-NAME pre-incubated and PE pre-contracted +veEnd rings it showed partial but significant dose-dependent relaxation. At variable preloads; pretreatment of the heart by 1µM, 10 µM and 100 µM of ISD Marm; increased the AoF, LVP and CVR by acute preload reduction while preload escalation showed load-dependent increase. The CO and MW were increased by acute preload reduction, whereas preload increment led to attenuation of CO and MW. The dP/dt(max), dP/dt(min), HR, CE and PASP were decreased by acute preload reduction and continued during preload increment. Thus, this study may rationalize the therapeutic potential of A.marmelos and P.cydonia possesses cardiotonic effect. The crude extract of A.marmelos, its fractions and isolated marmelosin exhibited numerous effects on the heart and aortic muscle mediating through multiple pathways that pointed out that though crude extract showed most of the activities, but it appears as no single compound can be a true representative of the plant. Because, it constitutes multiple compounds with different properties which can be exploited for various therapeutic purposes. Further studies would establish the clinical significance of A.marmelos in the management of cardiovascular disorders and promising chemical agent may be identified.