Energy demand is rapidly growing, resulting in rising energy cost, depletion of fossil fuels, energy shortage, environmental concerns and network overloading. All these problems need new and novel ways for redressal. Conventional grids may not address these problems. However, smart energy distribution grids offer solutions such as distributed generators (DGs), demand response (DR) and energy hub (EH) approach. This work focuses on the application of the DGs and the DR equipped EH paradigm, for efficient energy management, in residential and commercial buildings. The EH control functions in two layers. Primary stratum termed as micro EH control resides in customer premises to attain building level stakes such as energy consumption cost and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission minimization. However, utility’s benefit termed as network load deviation, remains unattended. Wide range of load variations may cause network instability and quality issues. Secondary layer termed as utility owned macro energy hub (MEH) control minimizes network load deviation; however, building incentives forfeit. In other words, customer-utility benefits are non-linearly related and cannot be attained simultaneously. Therefore, a strategy has been required to resolve this non-linearity. This thesis proposes bi-level MEH controls for residential and commercial buildings, to simultaneously attain bilateral stakes. Moreover, customer-utility models are developed and analyzed for both sectors. As real-life energy systems function under uncertain conditions, therefore, proposed micro as well as macro EH control modules have also been validated under random solar irradiance as well as unplanned electric and natural gas (NG) network outages. Under these uncertainties, two types of bi-level MEH controls are formulated: 1) risk neutral and 2) risk averse. Former control disregards negative effects of uncertainties; however, later reduces the adverse effects of uncertainties on the performance and the resilience, by incorporating conditional value at risk (CVaR) in the objective function. Proposed linear constrained optimization models have been mapped in flower pollination algorithm (FPA) as it shows superior performance in literature. Obtained results have been compared to the ones presented in literature and found meaningful improvement.
مولوی سید مقبول احمد افسوس ہے کہ گزشتہ مہینہ اردو زبان کے کہن سال مصنف مولوی سید مقبول احمد صاحب صوفی نے ۸۵ سال کی عمر میں انتقال کیا، اردو کے پرانے مصنفین میں اس وقت وہ سب سے زیادہ معمر تھے، جب تک ان کے قویٰ کام دیتے رہے لکھنے پڑھنے کا شغل جاری رہا، مگر ادھر کئی سال سے ضعف پیری کی وجہ سے چھوٹ گیا تھا، وہ معارف کے پرانے مضمون نگار تھے جس موضوع پر لکھتے تھے معلومات کا انبار لگا دیتے تھے متفرق مضامین کے علاوہ حیات جلیل، تاریخ الٰہ آباد عرب اور ان کا مستقبل وغیرہ کئی کتابیں ان کی یادگار ہیں، ان کی موت سے ایک پرانی علمی یادگار مٹ گئی، اﷲتعالیٰ مقبول احمد کو آخرت کی مقبولیت سے سرفراز فرمائے۔ (شاہ معین الدین ندوی، مارچ ۱۹۵۵ء)
In Khyber Pakhtunkhwa the situation of human rights is comparatively worse. Factors affecting human rights in this province include failure to guarantee good governance, growing poverty, illiteracy, violence, terrorism, worsening security, social injustice, political instability, and economic turmoil. These factors have been affecting adversely the human rights. To ensure human rights in the province, the execution of international human rights laws needs to be implemented. It is required to ensure good governance, peace and stability to ensure viable environment, provision of sustainable and quality education and reduce poverty. Unless the favourable environment be provided to the people at large, human rights violations may be continued. This paper attempts to know about the factors affecting human rights in the province and present some solid recommendations and policy options.
β-Thalassemia is one of the most prevalent forms of congenital blood disorders characterized by reduced hemoglobin levels with severe complications, affecting all dimensions of life. In addition, the mechanisms underlying the phenotypic heterogeneity of β-thalassemia are still poorly understood. Current standard treatment of β-thalassemia (i.e., blood transfusion, iron chelation, splenectomy, and treatment of complications) is based on symptoms of each patient. Augmentation of fetal hemoglobin (HbF) production has been an enduring therapeutic objective in β-thalassemia patients for which hydroxyurea (HU) have largely been the drug of choice and the most cost-effective approach. Advancements in metabolomics offer an efficient solution to study the complexity of diseases at the molecular level that expands treatment strategies. This study is designed on metabolite profiling to improve mechanistic understanding of phenotypic heterogeneity of β-thalassemia and hence better management of this disorder. Firstly, untargeted serum metabolites were analyzed after protein precipitation and SPE (solid phase extraction) using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). 40 metabolites were identified having a significant difference between patients and control at probability of 0.05 and fold change >1.5. 17 were up-regulated while 23 were down-regulated. PCA and PLS-DA models revealed a fine separation with a sensitivity of 70% and specificity of 100% on external validation of samples. Metabolic pathway analysis revealed alteration in multiple pathways. Then, a follow up metabolomics study on the serum of 40 β-thalassemia patients before and after HU administration was done along with 70 other HU treated samples and healthy controls. The HU treated patients were further classified into good (GR), partial (PR) and non-responders (NR) according to their response. 25 metabolites that were altered before HU therapy at p ≤0.05 and fold change >2.0 in β-thalassemia patients; started reverting towards healthy after HU treatment. Metabolic pathway analysis also revealed that metabolism of linoleic acid, glycerolipid, glycerophospholipid, galactose, fatty acid biosynthesis, metabolism and their elongation in mitochondria were also reverted after HU therapy. As fatty acids (FAs) are not only involved in maintaining membrane integrity but also have biological activities that influence cell and tissue metabolism, function, and responsiveness to hormonal and other signals. Therefore, finally targeted quantification of thirteen free fatty acids was carried out to disclose the prognosis of HU in β-thalassemia using the combination of random forest (RF) with gas chromatography-multiple reaction monitoring-mass spectrometry (GC-MRM-MS). Docosanoic acid (C22:0) was most significantly altered in β-thalassemia as compared to healthy while erucic acid (C22:1 Δcis-13) can be used as potential marker of HU prognosis because its level became significantly dissimilar in same patients in response to HU. However, all three groups i.e. healthy, β-thalassemia and β-thalassemia after HU treatment differ because of nervonic acid (C24:1 Δcis-15). Moreover, HU therapy also increased apo A1 and decreased apo B protein levels. In inference, we noticed that HU therapy not only reduces need of blood transfusion in β-thalassemia but also rectifies the serum fatty acid profile and lowered the apolipoproteins ratio (apo B/apo A1), thus reducing the risk of CVD in these patients.