Poultry industry is a dynamic sub-division of agriculture sector throughout the world as well as in Pakistan owing to rising global demand for this more affordable animal protein than red meat, due to exponential population growth and rapid urbanization in developing regions. However, the major problems encountered by the industry are infectious viral diseases; mainly infectious bursal disease (IBD), causing severe production and economic losses. Currently, live, attenuated or killed classical virus strains are used as vaccines to immunize birds but still outbreaks are reported even in vaccinated flocks probably owing to difference in antigenic structure between vaccine and field vvIBDV strains. Also, the current vaccine production systems including microbial, stable nuclear and transient plant viral technologies are not feasible in terms of cost and biosafety. So, as a preliminary step for development of clean quality and cost-effective recombinant subunit vaccine, a VP2 gene along with engineered choloroplast based Prrn promoter and PsbA terminator was synthesized commercially. Phylogenetic analysis and multiple sequence alignment with representative strains of different geographic origin confirmed the antigenic structure similarity of synthetic VP2 protein with those of circulating vvIBDV strains. Synthetic VP2 gene together with FLARE-S gene cassette was flanked by tobacco chloroplast flanking sequences through sequential cloning leading to development of final chloroplast transformation construct. Fully expanded 4-6 weeks old tobacco leaves were bombarded using a gene gun for chloroplast transformation. Initially, putative transplastomic lines regenerated on spectinomycin selection medium were selected by visual detection through gfp fluorescence as transplastomic sectors in a chimeric leaf tissue fluoresced green under UV light. These fluoresced sectors not only revealed heteroplasmic state of transgenic plants but also confirmed the successful integration of marker gene into tobacco chloroplasts. Putative transplastomic shoots were then subjected to additional rounds of selection and regeneration for developing homoplasmic clones. The genetic analysis of putative transplastomic plants through polymerase chain reaction confirmed the presence of VP2 as well as aada and gfp genes in the plastome. Integration of cassettes into inverted repeat region was confirmed using forward primer specific to aada gene and reverse primer specific to plastome. Further, development of an efficient regeneration system for soybean via somatic embryogenesis was attempted using 2 and 7 days old mature cotyledons from in-vitro germinated seedlings of a local ‘Faisal’ and an exotic ‘Jack’ cultivar with the intention to develop edible VP2 subunit vaccine as soybean is a chief constituent of poultry feed. It was observed that 7 days old mature cotyledonary explants of cultivar Jack were more responsive towards somatic embryogenesis than 2 days old ones and those of cultivar Faisal after callus induction on D20 medium directly. However, no regeneration was observed in either case indicating the need for further experimental investigation
3۔ تحفظ عقل اللہ تعالیٰ نے جہاں انسان کو لا تعداددوسری نعمتوں سے نوازا ،وہاں عقل وشعور جیسی نعمت سے نواز کر اس پر خاص فضل فرمایا۔ اسی کی بدولت حضرت انسان کو اشرف المخلوقات کا رتبہ ملا۔ اسی کی وجہ سے وہ شر اور خیر میں فرق محسوس کرتا ہے ۔ اسی وجہ سے وہ مکلف بنا اور اللہ تعالیٰ کا نائب، کیونکہ بے عقل اور مجنون کو مرفوع القلم قرار دیا گیاہے ،جیسا کہ قرآن مجیدمیں حکم ربانی ہے ﴿كَذَلِكَ يُبَيِّنُ اللَّهُ لَكُمْ آَيَاتِهِ لَعَلَّكُمْ تَعْقِلُونَ۔ ﴾237 "اسی طرح تمہارے لیے اپنی نشانیاں بیان کرتا ہے تاکہ تم عقل سے کام لو۔ " نشہ آور چیزوں میں سے جو عقل و فہم اور شعور کے لئے مہلک ہیں۔ ان میں سے شراب نوشی کو نمایاں مقام حاصل ہے اور دوسری نشہ آور چیزیں انہی کے حکم میں آتی ہیں ۔ زمانہ جاہلیت میں شراب پینے ، پلانے کا رواج عام تھا۔ رسول اللہ ﷺ کی آمد سے امت اور انسانیت کی اصلاح کام شروع ہوا تو جہاں زندگی کے دوسرے گوشوں کی اصلاح کا انتظام ہوا وہاں شراب نوشی کے سلسلے میں بھی رسول اللہ ﷺ نے ہدایات دیں اوراس کے نقصانات بتلائے ۔ قرآن مجید میں شراب نوشی کے مفسدات یوں بیان ہوئے ﴿إِنَّمَا يُرِيدُ الشَّيْطَانُ أَنْ يُوقِعَ بَيْنَكُمُ الْعَدَاوَةَ وَالْبَغْضَاءَ فِي الْخَمْرِ وَالْمَيْسِرِ وَيَصُدَّكُمْ عَنْ ذِكْرِ اللَّهِ وَعَنِ الصَّلَاةِ فَهَلْ أَنْتُمْ مُنْتَهُونَ۔ ﴾238 "شیطان تو یہ چاہتا ہے کہ شراب اور جوئے کے سبب تمہارے میں دشمنی اور رنجش ڈلوادےاور تمہیں اللہ کی یاد سے اور نماز سے روک دے تو تم کو (ان کاموں سے ) باز رہنا چاہیے۔ " حضرت ابن عمر(م:73ھ) سے مروی ہے کہ آپ ﷺ نے فرمایا " كُلُّ مُسْكِرٍ خَمْرٌ وَكُلُّ خَمْرٍ حَرَامٌ۔ "239 "ہر نشہ آور چیز خمر یعنی شراب ہے اور ہر...
Hazrat Maulana Muhammad Yaqoob Sharrudi, also known as Sheikh Sharrudi; born 1930- 2007) was a religious saint, preacher, researcher, mystic and imam. In this research paper the works of Sheikh Sharrudi is elaborated in a sophisticated manner, His numerous works were written in Brohvi and Balochi and then translated into Urdu, Arabic, Pashtu and many other languages. He had not only worked for the renaissance of Islam but also propagated the “true Islam", He gave solutions for the weaknesses because of which Islam had suffered for hundreds of years. He opined that preaching of Islam (Dawat o Tableegh) was necessary for Islam, establishing Sharia and saving Islam from both; secularism and nationalism. Has publicly disclaimed sectarianism in Islam.
Thesis Title: Customer Relationship Management in the banking sector of Pakistan Banking sector all over the world facing immense competition and Pakistani banking sector is not an exception. It is an acceptable fact that acquiring new customer is more costly than retaining the existing customer. The researcher followed the same fact and developed the basic purpose of this research study, that is to discover the major factors that affect customer loyalty, which is a focus of Customer Relationship Management (CRM) for overcoming high competition in the banking sector of Pakistan. Although there are many aspects of Customer Relationship Management (CRM) in the banking sector, this research study focuses on its customer part. Understanding customers is the key to success of any bank. Banks having an in-depth understanding of their customers develop a better competitive edge over their competitors. The major focus of CRM is to not only to acquire new customers but also to retain the existing ones. This research study will help banks to build customer loyalty. Every bank tries its best to acquire and retain their customers but due to increased competition and rapid improvements in technology, customers have quick access to thousands and thousands of products and services. The researcher collected data from customers of banks with the help of questionnaire and for doing demographic, correlation, and regression analysis used SPSS software version 16.00. After detailed analysis and discussions, results of this research study indicate that identified factors do affect customer loyalty and their relationships with each other vary from bank to bank. These identified variations can help banks to overcome their existing weaknesses to develop better customer loyalty strategies. The researcher identified factors of trust, perceived value, satisfaction, switching barriers, and culture that affect customer loyalty. After measuring relationships of these factors with each other, researcher responded to this research study`s questions and hypotheses and developed a customer loyalty model for the banking sector of Pakistan for the mutual benefits of customers and banks. Furthermore, this research study`s findings and recommendations contributes towards improvement in existing customer loyalty strategies of banks. The researcher would also like to mention here that there is hardly any research study in Pakistan that has seen the affects of customer culture and customer trust on customer loyalty as the results of this research study indicate that these factors affect customer loyalty in the banking sector of Pakistan.