Glucoamylase (exo-1,4-α-D-glucan glucanohydrolase: EC 3.2.1.3) yields ß-D- glucose from the non-reducing chain ends of a wide range of polysaccharide substrates and play a tremendous role in the improvement of starch based food products. Non-traditional use of glucoamylases in detergent industry has a great scope of expansion the world over in the coming days. Industrial employment of glucoamylase demands its hardiness to harsh operational environment. Thermo-stable enzymes can withstand extreme environmental conditions and can resist against detergents, organic solvents, temperature & pH. The operational stability of enzymes is of paramount importance for any bioprocess, which can be improved through various protein engineering techniques. With the development of novel procedures that exploit selective and efficient protein chemistry, chemical modification, either alone or combination with other mutagenesis techniques, could make a significant contribution to the development of enzymes that cope with the industrial demands. Various fungal strains (A. niger, A. oryzae, A. tamarii, A. fumigatus, A. flavus and Humicola sp) were grown in submerged cultivation at different temperatures, pH and substrate concentrations in order to optimize GA production. A. niger and Humicola sp were selected for their higher GA production ability as compared to other fungi. The apparent molecular mass of Humicola sp and A. niger GAs determined through SDS-PAGE were 72.8 and 93 kDa. A. niger GA was proved to be much better as compared to Humicola sp GA on the basis of, wider pH range, higher optimum temperature, more turn over (kcat) and higher specificity constant. It also showed 10 fold higher resistance against thermal unfolding and an activation trend against α- chymotrypsin A. niger was decided to be improved through γ-rays treatment with the main objective to enhance the production, stability and function of the enzyme. The 1 kGy γ-rays exposed mutant (M-7) of A. niger was selected on the basis of deoxy-D- glucose resistance. The mutant M-7 was about two fold efficient for extracellular GA production in submerged cultivation on Vogel’s medium containing 4% (w/v) wheat bran, pH 5.0 at 30 oC. The mutant GA had same molecular mass on SDS-PAGE, however on MALDI-TOF a difference of about 814 Da was observed. The mutant GA proved to
ناطق کی پہلی دس نظمیں 2009ء میں چہار ماہی رسالہ دنیا زاد میںشائع ہوئی۔ایک منفرد لکھاری اور ایک نیا اچھوتا انداز تحریر ہونے کی وجہ سے ادبی دنیا میں پہلی ہی اشاعت پر کامیابی ملی،پہلی بار ہی جب یہ نظمیں رسالہ میں چھپی تومنفرد لکھاری کے طور پر پہچان کا باعث بنی ان کے پہلے مجموعے میں یہ دس نظمیں شامل ہیں۔ان کی اس شاعت کے بعد 2009ء میں "آج"نامی رسالہ میں ان کے پانچ افسانے چھپے۔ناطق کو جب ان کی پہلی اشاعت پر ہی کامیابی کاسامنا رہا تو اردو ادب کے بڑے بڑے لکھاریوں نے ان کو اس کام پہ مبارکباد دی۔
The question of economic facilities for non-Muslims in a Muslim country has been one of the most important questions in the Muslim and non-Muslim world. It has been highlighted by some economists and jurists about their economic facilities. This paper is intended to discuss the economic facilities for non-Muslims in a Muslim country in the light of Quran and Sunnah and the Islamic history. It is the topmost responsibility of the Islamic state/Muslim country to fulfill the basic needs of human life and to encourage voluntary services for the welfare of the poor, to promote equal opportunities in a Muslim country, to enforce social and economic justice in Islam, to provide social security and basic economic facilities, and to give a fair share of economic rights to all citizens. The Government should also provide employment (services), Jizyah and to impose tax on non-Muslims. It will be shown that in Muslim countries, all non-Muslims have equal economic opportunities and rights as other Islamic citizens and also the same status in terms of Islamic economy. This paper may also throw some light on the Islamic Philosophy of economy in the contemporary Muslim world and explore the constituents and effects of an Islamic/Muslim anti-economy policy. This paper will conclude by providing some suggestions on ways of solving contemporary non–Muslim economic problems in Muslim countries nowadays.
Because of its geo strategic position at the crossroad of Asia, Pakistan has gained crucial importance of playing its pivotal role in subsequent human migratory events, both prehistoric and historic. This human movement became possible through an ancient overland network of trails called “The Silk Route” linking Asia Minor, Middle East China, Central Asia, and Southeast Asia. The present study was designed to investigate the control region in 500 unrelated individuals of 22 ethnic groups of the Pakistani population. In order to discourse the genetic diversity, affiliations and origin of castes of Punjab and tribes of Baluchistan, KPK and Sindh. The study revealed high genetic diversity in Pakistani population which is comparable to the other Central Asian, Southeast Asian and European populations. For this purpose Sequence analysis scrutinized, 412 haplotypes, defined by a particular set of nucleotides were found (ignoring the C insertions around position 309 and 315) in 22 ethnic groups. In spite of that 65% sequences were observed once, 11 %, twice, 8 % thrice, 5 % four time and 2.2 % five times. The most common South Asian haplotypes are observed, M 46 %, N 7 %, and R 13%, while West Eurasian haplotypes are U 18%, H 5%, J 4%, W 3% and T 2% in 22 ethnic groups. The mean number of pairwise differences were observed 5.2 ± 2.8 to 12.5 ± 6.2. A random match probability between two unrelated individuals was found between 0.01 to 0.06 %. While genetic diversity was found to be 0.991 to 0.999, with nucleotide diversity ranging from 0.0089 to 0.0142 for the whole control region in Pakistani population. The configuration of genetic variation and heterogeneity further unveiled through Multidimensional Scaling and phylogenetic analysis. The results revealed that Pakistani ethnic groups are the composite mosaic of West Eurasian ancestry of numerous geographic origin. They received substantial gene flow during different invasive movements and have a high element of the Western provenance.