Home > Enhanced Production of Butyric Acid Through Solid State Fermentation of Agriculture Waste by Mutant Clostridium Tyrobutyricum and its Utilization in Early Rumen Development
Enhanced Production of Butyric Acid Through Solid State Fermentation of Agriculture Waste by Mutant Clostridium Tyrobutyricum and its Utilization in Early Rumen Development
Due to lessening availability of crude oil, increasing requirement for natural foodstuffs, increasing worries over environment and one of alternative fuel, production of butyric acid through bacterial activity is greatly increased. The present study was designed to improve its production through solid state fermentation technology by microbe using cheaper renewable biomass. For this purpose three agriculture wastes as carbon source were tested for optimum yield applying solid state fermentation technique by wild C.tyrobutyricum. Rice polishings with 2 mL inoculum volume of the growth medium at 37oC, pH 6.0 for 3 days incubation period and 10:32 substrate: water ratio gave the best yield (6.49mg) among them and was selected for further optimization procedure to get higher yield of butyric acid. Various concentrations of different ionic salts such as NaCl, CaCl2, MgSO4.7H2O and KH2PO4.2H2O were optimized and obtained 6.52, 6.89, 8.15 and 8.95 mg butyric acid respectively. The addition of optimized 1:20 nitrogen: carbon ratio of molasses and optimized 0.5 mL concentration of corn steep liquor as an additive gave significantly (P< 0.05) highest yield i.e.11.07 and 18.23 mg butyric acid respectively. To further enhance the yield of butyric acid, bacterial strain was upgraded. For this purpose two chemical mutagens ethidium bromide, nitrous acid and physical mutagen UV irradiation were utilized. The RCM plates containing more than 90% kill rate were selected and mutants were screened on RCM media for optimized yield of butyric acid against wild C.tyrobutyricum. The UV mutant gave the better yield of butyric acid 4.46 mg than wild and other two mutants (nitrous acid and ethidium treated). The optimized three day incubation period gave butyric acid yield (6.86 mg %) which was further increased at10:32 substrate: water ratio (7.47 mg) and by optimizing inoculum volume, better yield (7.69 mg) of butyric acid was achieved with 2.5 mL inoculum volume. Different ionic salts such as NaCl, CaCl2, MgSO4.7H2O and KH2PO4.2H2O raised butyric acid yield 8.8 and 9.6, 10.52, 10.66 mg respectively. The addition of optimized 1:25 nitrogen: carbon ratio and under optimized 0.6 mL concentration of corn steep liquor of the growth medium as an additive gave significantly (P<0.00)the highest yield 11.63 and 26.09 mg ofbutyric acid respectively. The mutant strain C.T UV showed more butyric acid capability compared to wild C.tyrobutyricum. Detection and estimation of butyric acid was carried out by organic analysis method by G. Deniges (1918). The parameters optimized on small scale by mutant C.T UV were then used on laboratory scale for butyric acid production and was biologically evaluated. It was carried out by conducting 90 days feeding trials on sixteen Lohi sheep kids of age between 25-35 days, almost uniform weight and mixed sex. The animals were randomly grouped into A, B, C, and D containing four sheep each. D group of sheep was served as control group and was fed on control diet. Whereas A, B, C were supplemented with 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 % (w/w) butyric acid along with the same rations fed to control group. All animals were weighed initially and thereafter weighed weekly. While blood sampling for estimation of butyric acid, complete blood count and glucose were done initially and thereafter fortnightly. To visualize the inner surface of walls and papillae development in the rumen the Pentax EPK-100 P endoscope was used for sheep. One fasted sheep from each group was randomly selected for this purpose as well as for slaughtering at the end of feeding trial. From different portions of rumen i.e. dorsal, ventral, caudal dorsal, caudal ventral, dorsal cranial and from ventral cranial sacs of each slaughtered animal samples were taken for histological examination. Slides were observed under light microscope (Labomed USA) for measuring the papilla length, height, width, denseness and surface area of papilla by using the Morphometric program pro ResR 2.1.1 Capture Prog Camera Control software. The results showed non-significant (P > 0.05) increase in CBC and in blood glucose levels in experimental animals as well in control groups. Whereas significant (P<0.05) difference was seen in butyric acid levels in serum among treatments and control. Group C showed significantly higher concentration of butyric acid in serum than others. Among all groups Non significant (P >0.05) effect on body weights was noted. However a significance difference in the papillae length, width, rumen sacs surface areas and denseness was noted, when histological examination of rumen sacs was performed. It is concluded that solid state fermentation technique can be applied on industrial scale to produce massive quantity of butyric acid by mutated strain of C.tyrobutyricum. Butyric acid augmented in the diet improved the rumen growth in sheep.
مولانا عبدالباری حاوی افسوس ہے گذشتہ ماہ ہمارے نہایت فاضل دوست مولانا عبدالباری صاحب حاویؔ نے بھی ہوائی جہاز کے ذریعہ حج کے ارادے سے جاتے ہوئے ظہران میں وفات پائی۔انا ﷲ وانا الیہ راجعون ۔مولانا وانمباڑی(شمالی ارکاٹ) کے باشندہ تھے اوروہیں حضرت مولانا گنگوہی حضرت شیخ الہند اورمولانا تھانوی کے ارشد تلامذہ سے علوم و فنون اسلامیہ ودینیہ کی تعلیم پائی۔یوں توسب علوم وفنون میں کامل درک رکھتے تھے لیکن حدیث اورعربی ادب میں بڑا کمال حاصل تھا۔ پہلے مختلف مدارس اورایک ہائی اسکول میں درس کی خدمات انجام دیں، اب ادھر دس برس سے مدراس کے مشہور جمالیہ عربک کالج میں صدر الاساتذہ کے عہدے پرفائز تھے۔عربی زبان اوراردو وفارسی میں شعر کہتے تھے۔ پہلے تخلص مجاہدؔ تھا پھر حاویؔ کے تخلص سے مشہور ہوئے ۔بڑے خوش اخلاق اورعابد و زاہد بزرگ تھے۔ وضعداری، مروت اورشرافت ان کی فطرت تھی۔جیسا کہ سفرنامہ مدراس میں عرض کیا جاچکا ہے علالت اورضعف کے باوجود راقم الحروف سے ملاقات کے لیے قیام گاہ پرتشریف لائے۔سات آٹھ مرتبہ حج وزیارت مدینہ سے مشرف ہوچکے تھے۔اس مرتبہ پھر جارہے تھے کہ اثنائے راہ میں پیغامِ اجل آپہنچا۔عمرساٹھ کے لگ بھگ ہوگی اﷲ تعالیٰ صدیقین وشہداء کامقام عطا فرمائے۔ آمین۔ [مارچ ۱۹۷۲ء]
Twriyah in a speech or word contains multiple meanings having different interpretations of its primary meaning. This article represents the linguistic and connotative concept of Twriyah and T’ryd in the light of Qur’an, hadith, Sirat, the views of various jurists. By analytical study of the available literature it is concluded that there is difference between using Twriyah and Falsification. There are several rules which regulate the use of Twriyah in special circumstances. All Messengers of Allah have never give false statements in any case, however they often used Twriyah in their statements. This article elaborated the various meanings and situations of Twryh in the light of Islamic teachings.
This work focuses on efficient, joint time-frequency analysis of time series data. Joint time-frequency analysis is based on the sliding window. There are two major contributions of this thesis. Firstly, we haveThis work focuses on efficient, joint time-frequency analysis of time series data. Joint time-frequency analysis is based on the sliding window. There are two major contributions of this thesis. Firstly, we have introduced a notion of “aggregate spectrogram (AS)” which is a unimodal distribution at each time instant. The AS is extremely useful and computationally efficient when we are interested in a few spectral features and not the entire spectrum. Properties/characteristics of the AS have been listed. A para- metric method, based on a second order autoregressive model of the signal, for the construction of the AS, has been described. Of all the existing spectral estimation tools, the AS has the least computational complexity. Based on the AS, instan- taneous frequency estimation for multicomponent signals with equal amplitudes has been achieved. The AS does not require Goertzel filters in dual tone multi frequency detection applications. The AS finds many potential application. A few examples are voice activity detection, edge detection, motion vector estimation etc. Secondly, the problem of estimating the instantaneous frequency and band- width for multicomponent signals with time varying amplitudes has been solved by employing a new peak detection algorithm. The algorithm has been shown to outperform existing algorithms when the frequencies and amplitudes of the multi- component noisy signals are time-varying. Other contributions of the thesis include: low computational cost algorithms for the sliding discrete Fourier transform, and algorithms for its extension to spectral interpolation through zero padding and window padding. A low cost, optimized iii split-radix FFT architecture for zero-padded signals is also proposed. The Wiener-Khintchine theorem (WKT) yields better spectral estimates of Gaussian signals as compared to the discrete Fourier transform (DFT). Higher order spectra find utility in case of additive colored noise or the signals are non- Gaussian. Due to high computational complexities, the WKT and higher order spectra are avoided in the sliding window based spectral analysis. We have devel- oped recursive forms of the WKT, bispectrum and trispectrum whose computa- tional complexities have reduced to linear, quadratic and cubic orders, respectively introduced a notion of “aggregate spectrogram (AS)” which is a unimodal distribution at each time instant. The AS is extremely useful and computationally efficient when we are interested in a few spectral features and not the entire spectrum. Properties/characteristics of the AS have been listed. A para- metric method, based on a second order autoregressive model of the signal, for the construction of the AS, has been described. Of all the existing spectral estimation tools, the AS has the least computational complexity. Based on the AS, instan- taneous frequency estimation for multicomponent signals with equal amplitudes has been achieved. The AS does not require Goertzel filters in dual tone multi frequency detection applications. The AS finds many potential application. A few examples are voice activity detection, edge detection, motion vector estimation etc. Secondly, the problem of estimating the instantaneous frequency and band- width for multicomponent signals with time varying amplitudes has been solved by employing a new peak detection algorithm. The algorithm has been shown to outperform existing algorithms when the frequencies and amplitudes of the multi- component noisy signals are time-varying. Other contributions of the thesis include: low computational cost algorithms for the sliding discrete Fourier transform, and algorithms for its extension to spectral interpolation through zero padding and window padding. A low cost, optimized split-radix FFT architecture for zero-padded signals is also proposed. The Wiener-Khintchine theorem (WKT) yields better spectral estimates of Gaussian signals as compared to the discrete Fourier transform (DFT). Higher order spectra find utility in case of additive colored noise or the signals are non- Gaussian. Due to high computational complexities, the WKT and higher order spectra are avoided in the sliding window based spectral analysis. We have devel- oped recursive forms of the WKT, bispectrum and trispectrum whose computa- tional complexities have reduced to linear, quadratic and cubic orders, respectively