Studies to assess the response of spring planted sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) to exogenous application of abscisic acid following different irrigation schedules were carried out at the Agronomic Research Farm, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan were conducted for two consecutive years; 2008 and 2009. In one experiment, three irrigation schedules viz. four irrigations (25 DAS, bud initiation, flower initiation and achene formation), three irrigations (25 DAS, flower initiation and achene formation) and three irrigations (25 DAS, bud initiation, and achene formation) were subjected to exogenous application of different concentrations (0, 5μm and 10μm) of ABA at bud initiation or at flower initiation. In the 2 nd experiment different irrigation and ABA application schedules i.e. four irrigations (25 DAS, at bud initiation, at flower initiation and at achene formation) and no ABA, three irrigations (25 DAS, at flower initiation and at achene formation) and no ABA, three irrigations (25 DAS, at flower initiation and at achene formation) and ABA spray at bud initiation, three irrigations (25 DAS, at bud initiation and at achene formation) and no ABA, three irrigations(25 DAS, at bud initiation and at achene formation) and ABA spray at flower initiation were tested for three hybrids (DK-4040, S-278 and SF-187). The experiments were laid out in randomized complete block design with factorial arrangement and with three replications in each experiment. In the 1 st experiment exogenous application of 5μM ABA under drought at bud initiation stage significantly increased plant height, head diameter, number of achenes per head, 1000-achene weight, achene yield and oil yield over no ABA. It also improved water relations of sunflower by improving water potential and turgor pressure and decreased amount of compatible solutes which indicates that exogenous application of ABA was helpful in enhancing drought tolerance in sunflower. Foliar application of 5μM ABA at flower initiation under drought stress at this stage also increased plant height, head diameter, number of achenes per head, 1000-achene weight, achene yield and oil yield over no ABA but this increase was lesser than exogenous application of 5μM ABA at bud initiation after imposition of drought stress at this stage. In the 2 nd experiment exogenous application of ABA under drought at either stage (bud or flower initiation) was helpful in ameliorating drought stress in sunflower hybrids; however response was better when ABA was applied at bud initiation than at flower initiation. Sunflower hybrid DK-4040 showed better enhancement of drought tolerance by exogenous application of ABA than SF-187 and S-278 because it showed more improvement in agronomic parameters, growth, quality, water relations and compatible solutes.
اک دفعہ دا ذکر اے کہ اک گھر وچ اک چڑی تے اک بلی رہندے سن۔ دونویں آپس وچ دوست سن تے اک دوجے نال پیار کردے سن۔ چڑی بہت سدھی سادی تے بلی بہت چالاک تے خودغرض سی۔ اوہناں دونواں رل کے روزہ کجھ نہ کجھ پکانا، پر بلی نے چڑی دی نسبت بہتا کھا جانا۔ اک دن دونواں نے کھیر پکاون دا فیصلہ کیتا۔ بلی نے حامی بھر لئی تے آکھیا توں دکان توں جا کے چاول لے آ۔ باقی داسامان میں لے کے آندی آں۔ چڑی نے چاول لے آندے تے باقی دا سامان بلی لے کے آئی۔ دونواں رل کے کھیر پکانی شروع کیتی بلی کھاون پیون وچ چڑی نالوں اگے تے تیز سی۔ کھیر بناون دا بہتا کم چڑی نے کیتا تے بلی اوس بیٹھی ویکھدی رہی۔ جدوں کھیر پک گئی تاں چڑی نے کھیر کھاون لئی پلیٹاں تے چمچے میز اتے رکھ دتے تے بلی نوں آکھیا کہ باجی جلدی نال آجائو، بھکھ بہت لگی ہوئی اے۔ بلی نے آکھیا مینوں گرمی بہت لگ رہی اے۔ نہا لواں فیر کھاواں گے۔ چڑی بہت حیران ہوئی کہ بلی نے ایس توں پہلاں کدے انج نئیں آکھیا۔ خیر جدوں بلی نہا کے آئی، تاں اوس چڑی نوں آکھیا کہ ہن توں نہا لے۔ گرمی بہت اے میں کھیرا دا خیال رکھدی آں۔ چڑی بلی دی گل مندے ہوئے نہاون چلے گئی۔
چڑی دے جاون توں بعد بلی نے چھیتی چھیتی ساری کھیر کھاہدی تے بیمار ہوون دا بہانہ کر کے لمی پے گئی۔ جدوں چڑی آئی تاں کھیر ختم ہو گئی سی۔ اوس بلی کولوں پچھیا کہ کھیر کتھے اے؟ سارے برتن الٹے کس کیتے نیں؟ کھیر کون کھا گیا اے؟ اوس آکھیا کہ کاں کھا گیا اے۔ میں اوسنوں منع وی کیتا...
The issue of the source and origin of Sufism in Islam is a complex one. A number of scholars, since the latter half of the nineteenth century have put forward conflicting claims. Earlier Orientalists thought that a Sufism developed from a single source while the latter scholars think a number of different sources should be considered as origin of Sufism. Both groups agree, however, in maintaining that Sufism is an addition to Islam and did not originally belong to Islam. Different opinions have been presented regarding the true source of Sufism, for example, Persian, Indian, Christian, Jewish and Neo-Platonic philosophies. The present paper intends to refute these charges of external influences on Islamic Sufism and attempts to show that the real origin of Islamic Sufism lies nowhere but in the teachings of the Holy Qur’an, Sunnah of the Prophet (peace be upon him) and lives of the blessed companions of the Prophet (peace be upon him).
The investigation was carried out in Dera Ghazi Khan and Multan districts which are located along the Indus river system. Presence/ absence data were collected from 160 crop fields of wheat and cotton during 2005. We used classification as well as ordination methods to analyze the data structure. The main emphasis was on classification, ordination being used in part to check whether the classification results reflect in an adequate way the main floristical gradients in the data set, and also to detect relations between some environmental factors and the composition and structure of weed vegetation. The major axes brought by the ordination were related to soil characteristics and anthropogenic factors. The application of multivariate statistics {detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) and cluster analysis} allowed an interpretation of weed species spatial distribution and assemblage. From the results of classification (cluster analysis) samples from wheat and cotton fields could be divided in to distinct groups (plant associations) based on floristic composition. We have shown that there is a clear relationship between physical and chemical features of the substrate and the association defined by numerical analysis which surely shows that these groupings of weed species are not arbitrary assemblage. In this respect, soil moisture and texture seems particularly important in shaping the weed communities. Again, the scatters of the ordination diagrams demonstrate the lack of boundaries between weed vegetation types and species distribution: some species were restricted, but the majority had very wide ranges across the associations. Although, the difficulty of describing vegetation boundaries may be general one for weed vegetation yet these series of associations make good sense and may be the most useful of any land-use application. However, weed ecologists must continue to attempt the difficult definition of hazy boundaries of weed vegetation.