The Incident of September 11 (2001) & its Socio Political Implications on Pakistan

Abstract The paper identifies major changes in educational policies in Pakistan after the incident of September 11. It hoards the facts on the attack of September 11(2001) that had no direct link with Pakistan, but has changed the spectrum of regional policies and shifted the traditional way of learning with west-led agenda on the name of international standards. The study indicates major changes and shifts in the education policies and national curriculum as well as amendments in legal framework and laws including 18th Constitutional Amendment of 2010 and Article-25A of the Constitution of Pakistan. The struggle for uniform education system by various political and military governments throughout the history of Pakistan since independence is also scooped and a comprehensive view is provided on major policy changes and its impacts on education system in Pakistan. The research is based on analysis of primary and secondary sources of information. It is a mix of qualitative and quantitative research methods. Pakistan as a State still is in the list of developing countries and struggling with internal and external problems and their effects caused hurdles in the process of development and reforms in various sectors including education. Security remained one of the major subjects of focus for Pakistan for last many decades along with other administrative matters. The matters including economy, infrastructure development and strengthen democratic system in with democratic or dictator led governments whichever was the case of administration continued tackling with security and terrorism within the state as a top priority issue since 9/11. Pakistan’s investment on education sector remained poor in which resulted lagging behind of the country in all major development indicators. Education remained the core subject that bough up revolution in 21st century and hence has acquired greater importance around the world. After 18th Amendment, the duty of satisfactory spending on education consequently dwells with each province to have the capacity to satisfy Pakistan's national and international duties regarding education. The research encompassed efforts of Pakistan’s administration during various eras on national and international level to meet requirements of international standard education policies.

A Study of Pioglitazone Biokinetics, Renal Clearance and its Effect on Glycation Level

Pioglitazone is an oral anti-diabetic agent which belongs to a class “thiazolidinediones”. It is used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. It acts primarily by increasing peripheral sensitivity to insulin through binding to peroxisome proliferators activated receptor gamma. In recent years, due to variation in pharmacokinetic parameters under different environmental conditions, drug pharmacokinetics has received increasing attention. Therefore, the present study was designed to evaluate the biokinetics, renal clearance and effect on glycation level of pioglitazone in human beings under indigenous conditions. After through clinical examination healthy male volunteers (n = 24), female volunteers (n = 12) and diabetic patients (n = 8) were selected for the study. Each volunteer was given a therapeutic dose of 30 mg pioglitazone tablet orally. Patients were given a dose of 30 mg pioglitazone daily up to 12 weeks. In healthy volunteers scheduled plasma and urine samples were collected at different time intervals. Concentration of pioglitazone in plasma and urine samples was determined by validated high performance liquid chromatographic method. For the estimation of renal clearance of pioglitazone, the endogenous creatinine level was measured in plasma and urine samples spectrophotometrically using kit method based on Jaffe reaction. In plasma samples obtained from healthy volunteers and patients, amount of glucose was estimated by kit method, proteins by Biuret method and glycation level was measured by Thiobarbituric acid (TBA) method, spectrophotometerically. Both differences and similarities are present in the values of different calculated parameters and the values reported in the literature. After comparison minor sex differences were also found to be present in the values of different calculated parameters but statistically these differences were found to be non-significant. A single dose of pioglitazone (30 mg) has no effect on glucose concentration and glycation level in healthy male volunteers. Long term treatment of pioglitazone in diabetic patients, significantly decreased the glucose concentration and glycation level. This indicates that pioglitazone acts as an inhibitor of glycation.