The use of beneficial microbes as amendment in agriculture system is a novel approach with the ability to encourage mineralization of soil organic matter which could benefit soil health and plant nutrition. The present study “Enhancing efficiency of organic and inorganic N fertilizers sources through beneficial microbes using wheat crop” was conducted at farmer field in Dargai Malakand Agency during 2008-09 and 2009-10 using randomized complete block design with four replications. The experiment was consisted of wheat varieties and N fertilizers sources. Wheat varieties were Uqab (V1) and Fakhar-e-Sarhad (V2). Fertilizers treatments were Control: 0-0-0 kg N-P2O5-K2O ha-1 (T1) full dose of N from urea: 120-90-60 kg ha-1 N-P2O5-K2O (T2), half of recommended N from urea: 60-90-60 kg ha-1 N-P2O5-K2O (T3), 50% N from urea + 50% N from FYM (T4), 50% N from urea + 50% N from PM (T5), 50% N from urea + 50% N from (FYM + PM) (T6), 50% N from urea + BM (T7), 50% N from urea + 50% N from FYM + BM (T8), 50% N from urea + 50% N from PM + BM (T9), 50% N from urea + 50% N from (FYM + PM) + BM (T10). Phosphorus and potassium were applied to all treatments according to the recommended doses (90-60 kg ha-1 P2O5-K2O) except control treatment as triple supper phosphate (TSP) and sulfate of potash (SOP). Urea was used as the source of inorganic nitrogen. Farmyard manure (FYM) and Poultry manure (PM) were used at the rate to get 60 kg ha-1 organic nitrogen. In case of combine application of FYM and PM, both were mixed is such way to get 30 kg N ha-1 from each source. The entire FYM, PM, Phosphorous, Potash and half N from urea were applied to all treatment except control before sowing of wheat crop and half N from urea was applied in 2nd irrigated. Beneficial microbes were applied at the rate of 25 liter ha-1 in two-split application, half in 1st irrigation and half in 3rd irrigation. Data showed that treatments receiving 50% N from urea + 50% N from FYM + BM (T8) gave maximum number of tillers m-2 (345), number of spike m-2 (296), spike length (9.9 cm), plant height (91.6 cm), number of leaves tiller-1 (5.3), leaf area (23.6 cm2), leaf area index (3.94), , crop growth rate before anthesis (28.03 g m-2 d-1), crop growth rate after anthesis to maturity stage (13.70 g m-2), absolute growth rate (2.09 g d-1), bacterial population (95.7 cfu.g-1 soil x 103), fungi population (17.3 cfu.g-1 soil x 103), straw nitrogen (0.571%), grain nitrogen (1.73%), grain total nitrogen (95.41 kg ha-1), straw total nitrogen (45.224 kg ha-1), plant total nitrogen uptake (140.64 kg ha-1), soil total nitrogen (1.006 g kg-1) soil electrical conductivity (3.29 dSm-1), and soil organic matter (12.01 g kg-1 soil). Treatment T10 also showed similar trend for number of tiller m-2 (345), number of leaves tiller-1 (5.3) and number of spike m-2 (296). Similarly higher number of spike m-2 (296) were also recorded for the treatment receiving 50% N from urea + 50% N from PM + BM. Likely longer spikes (9.9 cm) and maximum number of spike m-2 (296) and crop growth rate after anthesis to maturity stage (13.71 g day-1 m-2) were also counted in the plots treated with full dose of N (120 kg N ha-1 from urea). While maximum number of days to flowering (113), number of days to physiological maturity (151), number of grains spike-1 (53), grain yield (4802 kg ha-1), straw yield (8537 kg ha-1), biological yield (13339 kg ha-1), soil pH value (8.15) were noted in the treatment receiving 120 kg N ha-1 from urea. Similarly maximum number of grains spike-1 (53) were also recorded for the treatment receiving 50% N from urea + 50% N from (FYM + PM) + BM. Highest days to emergence (12), harvest index (38.0) and soil bulk density(1.443) were recorded in control treatment. Likely heavier thousand grain weight (38.8 g) and maximum soil mineral nitrogen (22.64 mg kg-1) were recorded in 50% N from urea + 50%N from (FYM + PM) + BM treatment. Comparing the relevant treatments of with and without BM, an increasing trend was noted in all the parameters with the application of BM except number of days to flowering, number of days to physiological maturity, harvest index, soil pH and soil bulk density, which decreased with the application of BM. While, a variable trend was noted in number of days to emergence, number of leaves tiller-1 and number of spikes m2 with the supplementation of BM. It was concluded that organic manures without BM failed to produce greater grain yield, straw yield and biological yield than urea alone @ 120 kg ha-1 as N, however addition of BM with organic manures produced almost the same yields as produced by urea alone @ 120 kg ha-1.as N.
The Immensely Merciful to all, The Infinitely Compassionate to everyone.
42:01 a. Ha. Mim.
42:02 a. `Ayn. Sin. Qaf.
42:03 a. Likewise Allah, The Almighty, The All-Wise reveals on to you – O The Prophet - as HE did to those Prophets before you.
42:04 a. Whatever is within the celestial realm and whatever is within the terrestrial world belongs to HIM, b. for HE is All-Exalted, All-Supreme.
42:05 a. The celestial realm above them will almost burst apart, in awe of HIM, exalted be HE, b. while the angels glorify the Praise of their Rabb- The Lord, and c. seek forgiveness of whoever is on the earth. d. Indeed, Allah is The Oft-Forgiving to the one who repents, The Infinitely Compassionate towards the one who lives repentantly.
42:06 a. And as for those who take protectors other than HIM, b. Allah is Ever-Watchful over them, and c. you - O The Prophet - are not a guardian over them.
42:07 a. And so WE have revealed onto you a Qur’an in Arabic - b. so you may warn people of the Mother of all Cities – Makkah – and communities and lands around it. c. And warn them of the coming of the Time of Assembly, about which there is absolutely no doubt, d. when a group of them will be in the Paradise, and a group in the Blazing Fire.
42:08 a. And if Allah had so wanted, HE could have easily made them all into one single community of believers, b. but HE...
Aim To explore the apparent lack of personal concern for the welfare of others in China? To develop concepts to understand this social phenomena in natural settings using ethnographic and participatory research. Research Question How can the knowledge derived from qualitative research be used to improve the welfare of the poor in Shanghai? Ethics The study was carried out within the guidelines of the declaration of Helsinki. The study was characterised by anonymity, beneficence, non maleficence, and the maintainence of the dignity of participants Method Collection of data. The principle data source was “observation” spot observation”(Baksh 1990)”, participant observation”(Hammersley and Atkinson 1983)vignettes(Finch 1987, Sani Bin Gabi 1990), oral history(narrative) Conclusion The study was conducted ethically. It was a worthwhile study attempted to deal with current problems. The publication of this paper can be used to stimulate further enquiry into the problem of those in need of social welfare in Shanghai and China, in the hope it will improve services where they are needed. Suggested solutions In a country where intergenerational family ties are so strong and “guanxi” exists it is paradoxical there is little empathy for others. Confuscian values, changed family beliefs, and education at school and university may assist in increasing empathy. Learnt conditioning, to ignore or dissociate, from another human being in need of help, can be slowly overcome by implementing universal and improved changes in societal living conditions. This can be achieved by improving social welfare programs, spearheaded by a compassionate government. There is a view that it is an egregious and transparent fiction, to promulgate and publically promote, the philosophies and policies of communism, yet allow these curable social ills to remain. ”Rex ipsa Loquiter”. The healthy should help the sick, the rich should help the poor and the employed should help the unemployed, Proportionately, in accordance with what they have they should give. The promotion of a “ forward thinking, humane, listening and open society, rather than a closed, narrow, opaque, inward looking “weltanschaung” would assist societal reform. We “bystanders”, we must all try to imagine we are in the place of those in need, and feel aas they do, in their situation. We must follow the advice of Mencius (372-289BC) and develop and use “empathy” As Mencius said, ”a developed human heart is the basis of a moral life”
The study is conducted to analyze the students' Attitudinal Shift towards Advertising through Mobile Phones.
Mobile technologies imply many opportunities for marketing, in particular a direct communication with
consumers without time or location barriers. However, some aspects of mobile marketing such as mobile
advertising still require further research. The diffusion of mobile technologies is considered a factor that may
impact consumers' perceptions and behavior. Samples of 300 students froth the universities and colleges of
Islamabad / Rawalpindi of various age groups, academic level, and gender was taken. Four variables such as;
information, entertainment, irritation and credibility, based on the student attitudes, were selected and
measured on 5 point Likert scale.
The results indicate that almost 53 % students enjoy the SMS and take it as entertainment, 51% receive only
specific information as and when required. 39% feel irritation upon receiving any SMS on their mobiles phones,
whereas, 40% even don't bother to read the full text message, received on their mobiles. Overall 59.7% students
like mobile advertising. It can be concluded that the students generally have positive attitude towards mobile
advertising. Entertainment and information are considered main factors which affect students' attitudes
towards SMS-based mobile advertising. The attitude towards advertising contrast between two genders bias
and as per result male students enjoys mobile advertising; where as majority of the female students were
irritated from the mobile advertising.
The results of this research are helpful for management to better understand the critical components of mobile
advertising in different cultural settings.