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Home > Enhancing Oral Bioavailability of Famotidine and Roxithromycin Bcs-Iv Drugs by Nano-Emulsifying Drug Delivery System

Enhancing Oral Bioavailability of Famotidine and Roxithromycin Bcs-Iv Drugs by Nano-Emulsifying Drug Delivery System

Thesis Info

Access Option

External Link

Author

Shafique, Muhammad

Program

PhD

Institute

University of Malakand

City

Malakand

Province

KPK

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2018

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Pharmacy

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/13890/1/Muhammad_Shafique_Pharmacy_HSR_2018_UoM_Malakand_18.07.2018.docx

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676726063240

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Pre-dosage forms of Famotidine and Roxithromycin available in the market suggest that their treatment may not facilitate patients due to poor water solubility and permeability which ultimately leads to their low oral bioavailability. To reduce the draw backs associated with their systemic administration, Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs) loaded with Famotidine and Roxithromycin were fabricated as a mean of achieving boosted oral bioavailability. During fabrication of Solid Lipid Particles (SLNs), emulsion was employed as the most important precursor. Stearic acid was employd as the solid lipid phase and Tween® 80as surfactant. Polyethylene glycol and polyvinyl alcohol were used as co-surfactants. Different results in term of particles size and polydispersity index (PDI) were obtained by varying experimental conditions, i.e. concentration of surfactant, concentration of co-surfactant and stirring time. SLNs were fabricated via three different techniques (Solvent Injection, Solvent Emulsification Evaporation and Hot Melt Encapsulation) using nano-template engineering technology. Solvent Injection technique was employed for Fabrication of SLNs loaded with Roxithromycin and Famotidine. SLNs loaded with Roxithromycin and Famotidine demonstrated particle size 169.6±2.3 nm & 162.7±2.3 nm, PDI 0.462±0.02 & 0.352±0.03, zeta potential -32.6±1.9 mV & -34.35±2 mV, percent entrapment efficiency 84.36±1.3% &85±2.7%, percent drug loading capacity 2.709±0.43% & 2.74±0.33% respectively. Solvent Emulsification Evaporation method being used for preparation of SLNs loaded with Roxithromycin and Famotidine. SLNs loaded with Roxithromycin and Famotidine showed particle size 126.27±2.1 nm & 111.9±1.3 nm, PDI 0.435±0.01 & 0.464±0.03, zeta potential -36.72±2 mV & -33.46±2 mV, percent entrapment efficiency 83.61±2.3% & 84±2.7%, percent drug loading capacity 2.677±0.13% & 2.709±0.13% respectively. Hot Melt Encapsulation technique, which avoids the use of organic solvent was also being employed for Fabrication of SLNs loaded with Roxithromycin and Famotidine. SLNs loaded with Roxithromycin and Famotidine demonstrated particle size 179.7±2.3 nm & 174.8±2.1 nm, PDI 0.424±0.03 & 0.419, zeta potential -38.16±1.6 mV & -36.35 mV, percent entrapment efficiency 86% & 87±2.1%, percent drug loading capacity 2.77% & 2.81±0.13% respectively. During further characterization of loaded SLNs formulations, the white patches in the micrographs of Scanning Electron Spectroscopy (SEM) verified identical, spherical shaped and nano-metric size particles. SEM also showed that the particles size was in concordance to the data attained from Dynamic Light Scattering analysis. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy revealed no drugs-excipients interaction. Moreover, characterization via using Powdered X-Ray Diffractometer and Differential Scanning Calorimetry confirmed successful reduction in the crystalline nature of the loaded SLNs formulations. In-vitro drug release study was conducted and enhanced sustained release was found with maximum drug pay-load. Different mathematical kinetic models were employed to the drug release data to confirm the drug release kinetics and mechanism. During stability study, SLN dispersions stored at different conditions confirmed maximum stability at refrigerated condition, showing a consistent particles size and polydispersity. Moreover, tray drying technique as alternative to lyophilization was investigated and found that this technique can also be employed for SLNs drying purpose, especially for bulk production. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was conducted for the samples being prepared by tray drying technique in order to compare with the lyophilized samples, the white patches in the micrographs of both samples were almost similar in size and shape.To acquire proper solid dosage form, loaded SLNs nano-suspensions wereprocessed to obtain dried powder followed by conversion to granules and consequently filled in capsule shells. Comparative in-vitro study of the prepared capsules was conducted for dissimilarity (f1) and similarity (f2) factors determination. Dissimilarity factor greater than 65 (f1>65)showing a remarked difference compared to the marketed products. Comparative in-vivo study of the SLNs nano-suspension as well as prepared capsules with the marketed product has also been conducted. This study showed massive difference, in terms of increased Cmax as well as AUC0→24 compared to the marketed products. Overall, these results indicate that the developed Nanoparticulate Drug Delivery System of SLNs is smart enough showing significantly improved oral bilavailability with sustained drug release profile for Famotidine and Roxithromycin.
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کوئی بھی درمیاں حائل نہیں ہے

کوئی بھی درمیاں حائل نہیں ہے
بظاہر اب کوئی مشکل نہیں ہے

مجھے لگتا ہے یاں پہ ایک پتھر
ترے سینے میں جیسے دل نہیں ہے

محبت کیا ہے بس نقصان دل کا
سوائے غم کے کچھ حاصل نہیں ہے

طبیعت کو نہ جانے کیا ہوا ہے
کہ بھاتی اب کوئی محفل نہیں ہے

مرے قاتل ہیں میرے یار تائبؔ
زمانہ تو مرا قاتل نہیں ہے

Analisis Nikah Siri Dalam Perspektif Psikologi Dan Sosiologi Hukum Keluarga Islam

Penelitian ini merupakan sebuah analisis mendalam terhadap fenomena pernikahan siri dalam konteks hukum keluarga Islam, dengan pendekatan psikologi dan sosiologi. Pernikahan siri, meskipun secara hukum kerap dianggap kontroversial, tetap menjadi praktik yang signifikan dalam masyarakat yang menganut Islam. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memahami faktor-faktor psikologis dan sosial yang memengaruhi keputusan individu untuk melakukan pernikahan siri, serta dampaknya terhadap struktur keluarga dan masyarakat secara lebih luas. Dalam analisis psikologis, penelitian ini akan menggali motivasi dan faktor-faktor emosional yang mendorong individu untuk memilih pernikahan siri sebagai alternatif dalam memenuhi kebutuhan mereka dalam konteks hubungan intim. Sementara dalam analisis sosiologis, penelitian ini akan memeriksa dampak sosial dan normatif dari pernikahan siri terhadap struktur sosial masyarakat Islam, termasuk bagaimana hal ini memengaruhi status perempuan dan anak-anak dalam keluarga dan masyarakat.Hasil penelitian ini diharapkan akan memberikan wawasan yang lebih baik tentang fenomena pernikahan siri dalam masyarakat Islam, serta menyediakan dasar bagi perubahan dan penyempurnaan hukum keluarga Islam yang relevan dengan realitas sosial dan psikologis yang berkembang. Penelitian ini juga dapat menjadi acuan untuk pemahaman yang lebih baik tentang bagaimana praktik pernikahan siri dapat diintegrasikan atau diatur lebih baik dalam kerangka hukum dan norma-norma sosial yang ada.

Empirical Investigation of Pricing Performance of Initial Public Offerings Ipos : Evidence from Pakistan

Over the last four decades, the performance of initial public offerings (IPOs) has remained an interesting topic for the academia, researchers and policy makers. Questions pertaining to how the prices of new issues behave in short-, intermediate- and long-term have been shown to have economic and academic implications. Empirical evidence suggests that IPOs significantly outperform most benchmarks from the listing day to one-month trading periods. The conclusions reached in studies of longer-term IPO performance have been controversial because researchers generally disagree on the methodologies used to identify longer-term abnormal performance. The problems investigated in this study are whether: (a) IPOs generate abnormal returns on initial trading day and subsequently in short- and intermediate-term and (b) IPOs systematically produce abnormal price performance. The purpose of this study is to assess whether IPOs produce abnormal returns over a period of six-months and to identify abnormal IPO performance over three-year period lasting from issuance to the three years anniversary of the newly issued shares. The research has accomplished this by developing matched-firm benchmark, based on market capitalization, to gauge abnormal performance using event- and calendar-time strategies. In addition, this study has investigated the determinants of short-, intermediate- and long-term performance using Extreme Bounds Analysis, which analyzes the sensitivity and robustness of explanatory variables and identifies true predictors. Moreover, this study has examined the growth rate implicit in offer prices using a reverse engineering DCF model. Based upon the implicit growth rate, the research will determine the estimated degree of overvaluation of IPOs by underwriters. The findings of this study are that: (a) IPOs outperformed in short-term, which indicates that investors can earn significant abnormal returns up to 15-trading day from listing day, (b) IPOs outperformed in intermediate-term, which illustrates significance of abnormal returns over two months of trading, (c) IPOs underperformed over three-year period, and (d) the growth rate embedded in IPO prices illustrating that on average the cash flow of IPO firm is expected to grow by one-fourth annually over five-year. The robust factors influencing short-term and intermediate performance include: oversubscription, aftermarket risk level of the IPO, offer price, rate of return on assets and percentage of shares offered. In terms of longer-term IPO underperformance, the observed pattern is not always statistically significant. Equal-weighted buy-and-hold abnormal returns and cumulative abnormal returns are used to find true predictors of three-year underperformance. The results suggest that underpricing, financial leverage, hot activity period, issue proceeds, oversubscription, age of the firm, aftermarket risk level of the IPO, post issue promoters‟ holding and affiliations with textiles, technology & communications and other industries caused long-term underperformance. This study concluded that short-term implied growth rate, market momentum, firm‟s age and size of sales significantly affect longer-term IPO performance. These findings provide opposition to the theory of market efficiency and infer that there is an unfair distribution in the premarket IPO pricing and allocation process. A review of the pre-market pricing as well as the method of allocation may bring significant positive change; revisions to the process could avert unfair benefits obtained by investors with privileged premarket IPO allocations, which would provide identical opportunities for investors participate in the price discovery process.