Search or add a thesis

Advanced Search (Beta)
Home > Environmental Geochemistry of Attock and Haripur Basins, Pakistan

Environmental Geochemistry of Attock and Haripur Basins, Pakistan

Thesis Info

Access Option

External Link

Author

Jabeen, Shazia

Program

PhD

Institute

University of Peshawar

City

Peshawar

Province

KPK

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2013

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Natural Sciences

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/handle/123456789/1069

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676726070418

Similar


The purpose of this work was to investigate the environmental geochemistry of Attock and Haripur basins of Pakistan; using water, soil and plants as indicators. The study included determination of seven physiochemical parameters (pH, TDS, EC, NO3-, SO42-, Cl- and HCO3-) along with the monitoring of 15 major and trace elements (Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Fe, Ni, Zn, Co, Mn, As and Hg) concentrations and these were analyzed through atomic-absorption spectrometer and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Data presentation and interpretation were done by employing a range of statistical tools like Piper diagram, chronic daily intake, hazard quotient and also by applying multivariate analysis (Principal component analysis, Correlation, Cluster analysis). The GIS based spatial distribution of samples and parameters were analyzed using ArcGIS 9.3. The physico-chemical parameters of water were compared with those of WHO (2008) and USEPA standards. Piper diagram showed that 80% and 90% water samples of Attock and Haripur basins respectively fell in the field of Ca-Mg type on the basis of cations and HCO3- type on anion basis. Chronic daily intake (CDI) and hazard quotient (HQ) were also calculated. HQ was <1 for all the heavy metals (HMs) suggesting no risk to health. Application of different multivariate techniques for the interpretation of the metal data obtained during the monitoring program revealed that geogenic and anthropogenic activities were major sources of water contamination in the study area. Fourteen elements (Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Fe, Ni, Zn, Co, Mn and As) were analyzed in soil samples and were compared with that of the normal agricultural soils. Most of the metals showed random distribution with diverse correlations in both basins. Principal component analysis and cluster analysis revealed significant anthropogenic intrusions of HMs in the soils. Geoaccumulation indices values of As, Na, Ca, Pb and Cd indicated moderate to heavy contamination. Rest of the elements (Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn and Zn) revealed practically no contamination in the studied soils. The spatial distribution of HMs of soil showed high concentration near the industrial areas while major cations concentrations were high near the agricultural areas. Vegetables, cereal and their respective soil samples were analyzed for As, Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, Mn, Cr and Zn by ICP-MS. All toxic element concentrations in the edible parts of leafy vegetables were higher than non leafy vegetables and, also, higher than the FAO/WHO recommended limits. The risk assessment of HMs through consumption of vegetables suggested that Health risk index (HRI) values for adults and children were higher than the safe limit (>1) with exception of Cr (<1); therefore, the health risks of all elements through the consumption of vegetables were of great concern in the study area. Nine HMs (Zn, Cu, Cr, Ni, Co, Cd, Pb, Mn and Fe) were analyzed in medicinal plants. Their HMs concentrations were high according to the international safety standards for the consumption of human beings. High level of HMs in the medicinal plants could be due to the industrial and agricultural activities in the study area. It is concluded that water and soil quality of the Attock and Haripur basins are facing severe degradation due to unwise industrial activities in the study area. This study will, therefore, provide basis for the future management of other polluted streams and soils of the regions. The quality of ground and irrigation water can be improved by implementing national quality standards and installing proper treatment plants in the industries. Key words: Haripur Basin, Attock Basin, Groundwater, Soil, Vegetable, Medicinal plant
Loading...
Loading...

Similar Books

Loading...

Similar Chapters

Loading...

Similar News

Loading...

Similar Articles

Loading...

Similar Article Headings

Loading...

خدا اور ملائک کا میں ہم نوا ہوں


خدا اور ملائک کا میں ہم نوا ہوں
’’شب و روز مشغولِ صلِّ علیٰ ہوں‘‘

مری خاک پر ، پَر فرشتے بچھائیں
مدینے کو جاتا ہوا راستہ ہوں

درِ شہؐ پہ آ کر کہے شب کی ظلمت
طلب گارِ انوارِ شمس الضحیٰ ہوں

خیاباں خیاباں نویدِ بہاراں
دیارِ نبیؐ کی معطر ہوا ہوں

مجھے خیر کی بھیک ملتی رہے گی
گدائے درِ آلِ خیرالوریٰ ہوں

کہا آبِ کوثر نے ہونٹوں کو چھُو کر
جزائے ثنائے شہِ دوسَرا ہوں

مجھے اپنی قسمت پہ ہے ناز عرفانؔ
گدائے شہنشاہِ روزِ جزا ہوں

اﻷداء اﻟﻤﺄﻣﻮر ﺑﻪ و ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺗﻪ اﻟﻔﻘﻬﻴﺔ

In the Islamic Law i. E. Quran and Sunnah the above mentioned topic has been discussed clearly and repeatedly to avoid any ambiguity in dealings in our daily life and agreements made between two parties or governments national or international levels. After intensive study I discussed and elaborated the said issue referring to the Qura’nic verses and sayings of the Prophet (SAW). The matter is of great importance; hence the Muslims Jurists have also given their valuable opinions in accordance with the Islamic Law which have been incorporated also to solve the issue. If we act upon these verdicts, we will be able to select the best among ourselves and form an ideal government and will discharge our duties honestly, and eventually our every act will show our responsibility to perform our duties and to give due share to the right person.

Synthesis and Characterization of Rare Earth Doped Multiferroics Nanomaterials

The growing concern about the development of new functional nanomaterials, owing to their unique properties and tremendous potential in device applications is quite a challenge. However, the synthesis of a material having ferroelectric and ferromagnetic properties in the same phase is an interesting task. The work presented in this thesis describes the synthesis and characterization of rare earth doped multiferroic nanomaterials. Three series of Gd–Cu, Co-Ni and Nd-Mn substituted multiferroics prepared by sol gel technique have been investigated thoroughly.All the samples under study are characterized by X-ray Diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Resistivity, Dielectric Measurement and Vibrating Sample Magnetometery. The indexing of each X-ray diffraction pattern reveals the formation of well-defined orthorhombic single phase structure of all the investigated materials has been prepared. Enhancement in the intensity of peaks shows improved crystallinity suggesting that the dopants in the nominated substitution range are entirely dissolved in the lattice. Average crystallite size measured by Scherrer formula lies in the range of 23-61 nm ±2 nm for the substituted multiferroic samples. Lattice parameter changes linearly in accordance with the ionic radius of the substituted cations into the parent crystal lattice obeying the Vegard’s rule. The surface morphologies of the samples were investigated by FE-SEM analysis. All the samples have good crystalline shape and distinct boundaries of the grains that make them useful for microwave device applications. The DC electrical resistivity increases drastically from 107-1010 Ω-cm with increasing the concentration of dopants Gd-Cu, Co-Ni and Nd-Mn into the host lattice of multiferroics. The conduction in these materials is due to hopping of electrons between ferric and ferrous ions at the octahedral site. As the concentration of substituents increase, it results in the decrease of iron content at the octahedral site. As a result, the hopping of electrons decrease and consequently the resistivity is enhanced. The variation of activation energy is in agreement with the variation of room temperature resistivity for all the investigated samples. The temperature dependent dc resistivity decreases for all the samples indicating semi-conducting behavior. Dielectric properties generally follow Maxwell Wagner model and Koops phenomenological theory. The dielectric constant, complex dielectric constant and loss tangent decreases with the increase of doping concentration. Dielectric constant for Gd-Cu, Co-Ni and Nd-Mn substituted nano-materials were found to decrease in the range of 41-5.5, 41-6, and 41-10 at 1MHz respectively. The results are consistent with resistivity of the samples under investigation. The enhancement in resistivity and low dielectric loss make these materials pre-eminent contestant for multi-layer capacitor (MLC) applications. The resonance peaks in tan δ(f)are observedwhenthe external electric field matcheswith the hopping frequency of charge carriers. Electrical modulus describes the dielectric relaxation behavior for all the substituted nano-materials. The cole-cole plots show the semicircle for most of the samples to elaborate the grain and grain boundary contribution towards the dielectric relaxation phenomena. It is observed that substitution makes comparatively smaller difference on the grain resistance, but leads to a remarkable rise of grain boundary resistance. The AC conductivity increases with increasing frequency of the applied field for all the investigated samples. The frequency dependent AC conductivity follows power law with large value of exponent, n that shows the polaron hopping is the likely conduction mechanism. The magnetic properties of the Gd–Cu, Co-Ni and Nd-Mn substituted samples have been investigated from hysteresis loops. The saturation magnetization, remanence and coercivity are measured at room temperature. The saturation magnetization decreases for Gd-Cu and Co-Ni substitutions while increases for Nd-Mn dopants from 34-70 emu/g for the three substituted multiferroic series. The coercivity increases from 473-1992Oe, 190-2000 Oe for Gd-Cu and Co-Ni substituted samples, respectively. The variation of coercivity may be due to increase in the hindrance to the domain wall pinning at the grain boundaries and other defects like porosity while coercivity decreases from 705-262 Oe for the Nd-Mn substituted series. The decrease in coercivity is due to the increase in the average particle size of the materials or may be due to decrease in anisotropy constant with the Nd–Mn contents. The highest value of coercivity (~2072 Oe) ensures the use of present samples for applications in perpendicular recording media (PRM).