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Home > Epidemiological Study and Evaluation of Anthelmintic Activity of Indigenous Plants on Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Sheep in Hyderabad District

Epidemiological Study and Evaluation of Anthelmintic Activity of Indigenous Plants on Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Sheep in Hyderabad District

Thesis Info

Access Option

External Link

Author

Mohammad Saleh Al-Shaibani, Ibrahim Radman

Program

PhD

Institute

Sindh Agriculture University

City

Tandojam

Province

Sindh

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2009

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Applied Sciences

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/2823/1/307S.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676726075492

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The epidemiology of gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep was investigated in farms of small farmers in Hyderabad district during the year of 2004-05. Faecal egg counts, packed cell volume, herbage larval counts, adult worm counts and inhibited/arrested development larvae from permanently grazing sheep were monitored. On the basis of the coproculture and necropsy, seven species of gastrointestinal nematodes were identified i.e. Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus spp, Ostertagia circumcincta, Strongyloides papillosus, Trichuris ovis, Oesphagostomum columbianum and Chabertia ovina. The overall prevalence rate of infection was 42.1 and 44.75 per cent on the basis of coprological examination and necropsy respectively. The results revealed that faecal egg counts (FEC), larval pasture counts, total worm counts (TWC) and packed cell volume (PCV) of sheep were significantly (P<0.01) influenced by seasonal variation (months). The FEC and TWC of sheep reached to the highest level during the rainy summer season (September) i.e.1913.4 and 920.8 respectively, while it declined to lower level during the dry season (February) i.e. 826.19 and 625.25. The arrested development larvae (L4) of H.contortus, O.circumcincta, Trichostrongylus spp. and Oe.columbianum were observed to occur from November to April and reached the peak in February i.e.511.4; whereas, L4 of S. papillosus, T. ovis and C. ovina did not show prone to arrest. The numbers of infective larvae (L3) on the pasture reached the peak of infectivity in August (1885) and declined to lower level in January (790). The PCV values of sheep were monitored during entire course of the study. There was highly decreased on PCV values of sheep during summer season (August) i.e. 24.88 percent and remained fluctuated during other seasons of the year. The drastic drop in PCV values were coincided with increased of FEC of sheep. During the year of 2005-06, the anthelmintic activity of Fumaria parviflora L. (Fumariaceae) whole plant, Adhatoda vasica (Acanthaceae) whole plant, Nigella sativa L. ( Ranunculaceae ) seeds, and Azadirachta indica L. ( Meliaceae) seeds were screened through the egg hatch and larval development assays in vitro. The results revealed that the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of F. parviflora A. vasica, N. sativa and A. indica at the concentrations of 3.12, 6.3, 12.5, 25.0, and 50.0 mg/ml exhibited ovicidal and larvicidal (P<0.05) against egg and larvae of gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep. All plant extracts showed dose-dependent (P<0.05). The inhibition rate of plant extracts on eggs and larvae was ranged between 9.3 - 96.0 percent. In the year of 2006-07, the field trials were conducted to evaluate the anthelmintic activity of F. parviflora, A. vasica, N. sativa and A. indica extracts against gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep using the faecal egg counts reduction test (FECRT) in vivo. In each plant treatment trial, the experimental animals (n=50) were divided into five groups (n=10) at random using age, weight, sex and level of helminth infections as the blocking factors and subjected to different treatment with single dose of plant extracts and/or commercial anthelmintic as follow: 1st, 2nd, and 3rd groups received single doses of 50 mg/kg,100 mg/kg and 200mg/kg respectively of respective plant extracts, while 4th group acted as a positive control group which was given a single dose of levamisole 7.5mg/kg (ICI® Pakistan) and 5th group served as negative control group and received no treatment. The results revealed a gradual reduction in FEC of experimental animals treated with different doses of different plant extracts and commercial anthelmintic drugs, and the difference was significant (P<0.05) on day 14 post treatment from day 0. The FEC decreased (P<0.05) significantly from day 3 onward to day 14 post treatment. F. parviflora extract exhibited the highest effect (P<0.05) in FEC reduction of experimental animals i.e. 77.6 and 70.5 percent for ethanolic and aqueous extracts respectively at the dose of 200mg/kg on the day 14 post-treatment. The effect of plant extracts on the haematological values also was discussed. The results of the study suggest that combination of strategic use of anthelmintic drugs and medicinal plant extracts could be useful for the control of gastrointestinal nematode infections in sheep.
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فلسفہ قربانی

فلسفہ قربانی
قربانی کا فلسفہ کوئی زیادہ پر پیچ نہیں بلکہ سیدھا اور سادا سا ہے یہ جملہ خواہشات کو بالائے طاق رکھ کرحکم ربّی کے سامنے سر تسلیم خم کرنا ہے۔ حضرت ابراہیمؑ نے اپنے لخت جگر کوقربانی کے لیے پیش کر کے یہ ثابت کر دیا کہ اللہ تعالیٰ کی رضا کے حصول کی خاطر محبوب سے محبوب ترین چیز بھی قربان کی جاسکتی ہے۔ قربانی جیسی عظیم عبادت جہاں قرب الٰہی کا سبب بنتی ہے وہاں غرباء و مساکین اور یتامیٰ کے لیے دعوت طعام کا ایک نمونہ ثابت ہوتی ہے۔ وہ لوگ جن کے گھر صرف سال بعد ہی گوشت کی مہک سے مہک اٹھتے ہیں۔ چیتھڑوںوں میں زندگی گزارنے والے افراد کے بچے گوشت کے پکنے کا بڑی شدت سے انتظار کرتے ہیں اور پھر غربت کی چکی میں پسنے والے افراد کے نو نہالانِ وطن کے پیٹ میں اس عظیم نعمت کی ترسیل نعمتِ لازوال ثابت ہوتی ہے۔
قربانی ایک مالی عبادت ہے اور اس عظیم عبادت کو جب کوئی صاحب ایمان شخص اللہ تعالیٰ کا حکم اور حضرت ابراہیمں کی سنت سمجھتے ہوئے اد اکرتا ہے تو جہاں و ہ مسرت و شادمانی حاصل کرتا ہے وہاں روحانی تازگی اور طراوت بھی اس کا مقدر ہو جاتی ہے۔ قربانی کرتے وقت ملحوظ خاطر صرف اور صرف رضائے الٰہی کا حصول ہو، اگر کوئی اور مقصد ،کوئی اور تمنا ،کوئی اور آرزو پیش نظر رہی ، نمودونمائش ذہن میں آ گئی ، غرور و تکبر کی کوئی کرن جسم ناپائیدار پر جلوہ گر ہوئی ، نیت میں تھوڑا سا بھی فتور آگیا اور مقصد اپنے اصل ہدف سے بال بھر بھی ایک طرف ہو گیا تو لاکھوں روپے سے خریدے گئے جانور کی قربانی محض گوشت کا حصول ہوگا۔ آخرت میں ذرہ برابر بھی نیکی نظر نہ آئے گی اور کل...

Linguistic Expressions of Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) As a Miracle in Arabic Language: A Study of Linguistic Miracles of Prophet Muhammad

Arabian Peninsula was famous for its language expertise and linguistic expressions at the time of Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ). The poets and language experts would spend most of their lives to attain excellence in Arabic language and literature. It was during such time that a man named Muhammad (ﷺ) emerged, whose linguistic expression was remarkable, accurate and amazing. He was also quite familiar with the dialects and accents of every tribe of Arabia. It was the surprising effect of this linguistic excellence that people tagged him with different titles such as Poet, Sorcerer, Kāhin (soothsayer), Majnūn (One possessed by Jinn), and insane man with insane message. Allah Almighty revealed Qur’ānic verses not only to answer such allegations but also entrusted him to present commentary of the Holy Qur’ān to the people who would called him illiterate. This article will try to find out the Qur’ānic commentary on the linguistic expressions of Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) as a miracle of revelation. The method of research is descriptive analytical and historical. The discussion of verses of Qur’ān and the explanations of the experts of Qur’ān through the comments of orientalists have been included to support the arguments. First Part of the paper discusses status of Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) as an illiterate man with his remarkable linguistic expressions of Qur’ān due to which he was awarded different titles such as poet, sorcerer and insane. The second part explains the Qur’ānic response to accusations on Prophet (ﷺ) raised by the opponents. In the third part, some intellectual arguments of Qur’ān and opinions of orientalist have been discussed to support the Qur’ānic responses in favor of linguistic expressions of an “Ummi” Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) which is followed by findings and conclusion of the whole discussion.

Fortification of Compost Through Microbes and Inorganic Fertilizer in Cereal-Legume Intercropping Systems

Organic wastes are becoming severe threat to the environment. Organic wastes can be effectively utilized as a potential resource of nutrients through composting. Composts can be claimed as fortified compost after nutrient enrichment and blending with Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). This new technology can prove feasible in terms of lower application rates of compost (300-500 Kg ha-1 as compared to normal application of 1-2 tonnes ha-1) and can reduce upto 50 % of the recommended dose of inorganic fertilizers. Low organic matter is major limiting factor for agricultural productivity especially in semi arid and arid regions. Composted organic material can be applied on agricultural soils as an amendment to provide nutrients, to enhance their organic matter content and to improve the physio-chemical properties of soils. The presence of PGPR in rhizosphere significantly increase plant growth and yield under nitrogen limiting conditions. Cereal-legume intercropping have also been shown to increase productivity, improve soil fertility and control spread of pests, diseases and weeds. Intercropping reduces nitrate leaching from fields without loss of crop yields. Production of pulses is affected by many biotic and abiotic stresses, little use of bacterial inoculums which hamper the realization of actual yield potential. There is major decline in cultivated area of pulses in Pakistan due to displacement of traditional growing areas and low soil fertility. to address all these issues this study was carried out with the following objectives: (i) to assess the impact of fortified compost on soil fertility under cereal- legume intercropping (ii) to increase production of maize and pulses, especially mashbean through utilization of spring xxi season along with summer and (iii) to enhance farm profitability through enriched compost and appropriate cropping system. Two years field experiment for the proposed study was carried out at Farmers filed, Union Council Girja, Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan during 2010-2012 in both spring and summer seasons. Maize (Zea mays L.), mashbean (Vigna mungo L.) and mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) sole as well cereal-legume intercrop which were tested against the given fertility treatments. Sandy clay loam soil with 30 % clay, 50% sand, and 20 % silt was exist at experimental site. The field experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design with strip plot arrangements keeping cropping system in main plot and fertility treatments in subplots replicated thrice. Maize variety “Agati 2002”, mashbean cultivar “Chakwal mash” and mungbean cultivar “Mung-06” was used in both years for both seasons. Spring crop was sown in mid of February and summer crop in mid July during both the years, using single row hand drill. Five cropping systems viz. sole maize, sole mungbean, sole mashbean, maize + mungbean intercropping and maize + mashbean intercropping and four fertility treatments; chemical fertilizer recommended (Maize NP@ 120:80 kg ha-1 & Legumes/Intercropping NP@ 40:60 kg ha-1), compost @ 1000 kg ha-1, compost@ 1000 kg ha-1 + ½ chemical fertilizer and compost @ 1000 kg ha-1 + PGPR + ½ chemical fertilizer were compared against control. In fortification process commercial compost was fortified (nutrient enrichment) with half recommended NP fertilizer @ 60:40 kg ha-1 and potential PGPR strains were tested under maize-mungbean/mashbean cropping systems. xxii On the basis of agronomic, competitive indices as well as economic performance of different cereal-legumes intercropping, it was well evident that Integrated Nutrient Management System, i.e., combination of organic, biological and chemical fertilizers {Compost @ 1000 kg ha-1 + PGPR + ½ Chemical fertilizer (60 & 40 kg ha-1 NP)} among fertility treatments performed best (better than full dose chemical fertilizer, PGPR and compost) in terms of net returns and soil fertility status improvement. As by above mentioned combination Rs. 274528 net returns ha-1 year-1 were recorded in maize + mashbean intercropping which was 40.43 % higher than the control and enhanced soil N and P. Among tested Cropping systems, cultivation of mashbean in the spring season proved to be successful like maize and mungbean, so cereal-legume intercrop proved to be beneficial in both summer and spring seasons. Maize + mashbean and maize + mungbean intercropping proved better than any of the sole crop in terms of total production and net returns for the area. Net returns (Rs. ha-1 Year-1) data also revealed that maximum net returns per year obtained from maize + mashbean intercropping. Combined application of compost @ 1000 kg ha-1 + PGPR + ½ chemical fertilizer attained highest net returns of Rs. 274528 ha-1 Year-1 (US $ 2745) (summer + spring). It was 40.43 % higher than the control under same cropping system. However maize + mashbean intercropping system yielded 37.97 % higher than sole maize and 68.67 % higher than sole mashbean. Under above mentioned fertility combination maize + mashbean intercropping attained 12.10 % higher net returns than maize + mungbean due to higher market price of mashbean as compared to mungbean.