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Home > Epidemiology and Molecular Characterization of Toxoplasma Gondii Human Population of District Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Epidemiology and Molecular Characterization of Toxoplasma Gondii Human Population of District Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Thesis Info

Access Option

External Link

Author

Shah, Mudassir

Program

PhD

Institute

Islamia Collage Peshawar

City

Peshawar

Province

KPK

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2019

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Zoology

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/11723/1/Mudassir%20Shah_Zoology_2019_ICP_PRR.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676726077556

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Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular obligate protozoan parasite which is responsible for causing toxoplasmosis. This study was conducted in district Mardan in human population for the detection and molecular characterization of T. gondii. A total of 3132 samples were collected randomly from three tehsils, and were tested through Immuno Chromatographic Test and Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay. The overall epidemiology of toxoplasmosis was 34.96%. A significant difference was found in gender in which the rate of infection in females was (37.98%) as compared to males (18.91%). The highest prevalence of toxoplasmosis was observed in age group 36-45 years (48.01%), while age group of 56-65 years were having lowest prevalence of 16.96%. The overall rate of latent and fresh infection in age group 36-45 years was highest (17.24%) and (27.97%) respectively and was lowest in age group 56-65 years (6.25%) and 10.71% respectively. The prevalence was statistically significant in the literacy groups in which high infection was observed in illiterate individuals (39.40%) as compared to literate individuals (30.67%). In overall, the illiterate group was more exposed to the fresh infection and was significant because of the awareness about the disease in the educated persons. Persons who were living in the muddy homes were more exposed to the infection as compared to the people living in concrete homes. Similarly, there was no statistical significant difference in case of rural and urban areas (P –value=0.208). The surgical patients were showing high results of 37.97% as compared to the reports of non-surgical individuals (29.22%). Patients with complications were tested for the infection and was observed that there was a very high prevalence in case of heart problem patients and kidney patients. Different tehsils showed different seropositivity rates with a significant difference (Pvalue=0.00). The disease was more significant in tehsil Mardan as compared to other tehsils. Tehsil Mardan was carrying the high infection rate of 38.68% followed by 36.22% in Katlang and Takht Bhai tehsil was having 29.83% prevalence. The epidemiology of infection in middle class people was (28.24%), whereas 48.16% was detected in the lower-class individuals. The disease was more significant in low economic status population as compared to high and middle economic status population (P-value=0.00). Moreover, a total of 160 samples cat fecal samples were collected and were observed for the detection of oocysts through microscopy. 9.3% were detected positive for T. gondii oocysts whereas the prevalence rate in male was 5.76% as compared to female stray cats in which the prevalence rate was 11.11%. The positive samples were then analyzed for further confirmation through PCR and bands were visualized on 2% gel. The DNA of positive samples was further processed for sequencing. The sequence was further BLAST for finding any variation.
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ماما چبڑ

ماما چبڑ

اک ہوندا اے ماما چبڑ، اوہنے واہی لئی دو بلد رکھے ہوندے نیں۔ اک دن اوہدے بلد کھل کے راجے دے کھیتاں وچ چلے جاندے نیں تے راجہ اوہناں نوں پھڑ کے بنھ لیندا اے۔ جدوں مامے چبڑ نوں پتہ لگا تاں اوہ اپنے بلد لین گھروں راجے ول ٹردا اے۔

ٹرے جاندے نوں رستے وچ اوہنوں اک شیر ملدا اے۔ شیر اوہدے کولوں پچھدا اے کہ ماما کتھے چلے او؟ اوہ آکھدا اے کہ راجے میرے بلد بنھ لے نیں۔ میں اوہ لین جا رہیا آں۔ شیر اوس نوں آکھدا اے کہ مینوں وی اپنے نال لے چل۔ ماما اوس نوں آکھدا اے کہ میرے کن وچ وڑھ جا۔ شیر مامے دے کن وچ وڑھ جاندا اے۔ ماما جدوں تھوڑا جیہا ہور آگانہہ جاندا اے۔ تاں اوس نوں اک بھونڈ ملدا اے۔ اوہ اوس کولوں پچھدا اے کہ ماما کتھے چلے او؟ ماما اوس نوں شیر والا جواب دیندا اے۔ بھونڈ اوس نوں نال لے جاون دا آکھدا اے ماما اوہنوں وی اپنے کن وچ واڑھ لیندا اے تے راجے دے محل ول سفر شروع کر دیندا اے۔ سفر کردے ہوئے اوس دریا پار کرنا ہوندا اے۔ دریا پچھدا اے کہ ماما کتھے چلے او؟ ماما پہلے والا جواب دیندا اے؟ دریا نال جاون دا آکھدا اے تے ماما اوس نوں اپنے کن اندر واڑھ کے راجے دے محل اپڑ جاندا اے۔

راجے نوں جدوں پتہ لگا کہ ماما اپنے بلد لین آیا اے تاں اوہ اوس نوں بکریاں والے واڑے وچ بند کر دیندا اے۔ رات نوں ماما اپنے کن وچوں شیر نوں کڈھ دا اے جو راجے دیاں ساریاں بکریاں کھا جاندا اے۔ اگلے دن راجہ مامے نوں مرغیاں دے کھڈے وچ بند کر دیندا اے۔ ماما اپنے کن وچوں بھونڈ نوں کڈھ...

شخصية الصحابة في شعر صدر الإسلام

The literature represents the nation’s treasure of poetry and prose and its original heritage. It is the outcome of minds believe fully in its right to develop along with other nations. Poetry is one of the fields of heritage which observe human activity in the Arab environment and records the nation’s deeds everywhere by its pure tongue. For all these reasons it is concluded that the poetry which was generated with the advent of Islam especially the poetry of the prophet’s honorable companions who represented the first generation in Islam who were imparted education in Prophet’s school. This subject of research appealed to know their ideas in their poetry. In this regard, poetical works of poets of the early stage of Islam was started. The research consists of a preface, two objects of research and a conclusion. In the first object of research it has been discussed the introduction of the Prophet’s companion’s personality, concerning linguistically, technical and conceptual views, their attitude, and the nature of his role in the call for Islam, their role in learning Holy Qur’an by heart, Islam and honorable Prophet’s attitude towards poetry and poets. Whereas the second object of research is, it has been discussed the sensual ideology aspect in one topic such as, Jihad.

Comparative Evaluation of Essential and Toxic Metals in the Blood and Scalp Hair of Arthritis Patients and Healthy Subjects

Arthritis is a group of autoimmune diseases in which the body immune system starts attacking joints and other related tissues. There are significant evidences that essential and toxic metals played important role in aetiology of the diseases. The current study is designed to evaluate selected essential and toxic metals (Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Pb and Zn) in the scalp hair and blood of newly diagnosed arthritis patients in comparison with matching healthy subjects. The selected types of arthritis patients included osteoarthritis (OA), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), spondyloarthropathy (SPA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Nitric acid and perchloric acid based wet digestion procedure was used for the solubilization of scalp hair and blood samples, while quantification of the metals was performed by using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Among the selected metals, Ca (2119 μg/g), Mg (214.8 μg/g), Zn (189.2 μg/g), Fe (60.95 μg/g) and Pb (36.02 μg/g) were predominantly higher in the scalp hair of OA patients, however in case of healthy subjects, Ca (2034 μg/g), Zn (299.0 μg/g), Mg (264.6 μg/g), Fe (35.57 μg/g) and Pb (34.12 μg/g) showed relatively higher average levels in the scalp hair. Likewise dominant mean metal levels were found for Ca (2380 μg/g), Mg (243.3 μg/g), Zn (204.1 μg/g), Fe (63.83 μg/g), Pb (33.89 μg/g) and Cr (25.86 μg/g) in the scalp hair of RA patients but matching healthy subjects showed higher average concentrations of Ca (2541 μg/g), Mg (279.0 μg/g), Zn (245.7 μg/g), Fe (90.44 μg/g), Pb (29.00 μg/g) and Cu (22.22 μg/g). Scalp hair of JIA patients exhibited higher mean levels for Ca (1685 μg/g), Mg (176.3 μg/g), Zn (164.9 μg/g), Fe (154.4 μg/g), Pb (35.05 μg/g), Co (24.15 μg/g), Cu (22.21 μg/g) and Cr (18.03 μg/g). Similarly, relatively higher average levels were noted for Ca (1874 μg/g), Zn (218.8 μg/g), Mg (161.2 μg/g), Fe (103.1 μg/g), Pb (50.30 μg/g), Co (17.95 μg/g), Cr (17.57 μg/g) and Cu (17.01 μg/g) in the scalp hair of SPA patients. The scalp hair of SLE patients exhibited dominant mean metal levels for Ca (2050 μg/g), Zn (223.1 μg/g), Mg (192.5 μg/g), Fe (89.79 μg/g), Pb (47.32 μg/g), Cu (35.28 μg/g), Co (30.44 μg/g) and Cr (22.23 μg/g). Significantly higher (p < 0.05) average concentrations of Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Mn and Pb were found in the scalp hair of OA patients than the healthy subjects. Similarly, Cd, Co, Cr, Mn and Pb exhibited higher concentrations in the scalp hair of RA patients, whereas higher mean levels of Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn and Pb were noted in the scalp hair of JIA patients. Nonetheless, elevated average levels for Cd, Co, Cr, Mn and Pb were found in SPA patients, but mean contents of Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn and Pb were noted higher in the scalp hair of SLE patients compared with the healthy subjects. The correlation study revealed significantly diverse mutual associations among the selected metals in the scalp hair of various types of arthritis patients and counterpart healthy subjects. Spearman correlation coefficient matrix of the selected metals showed strong mutual associations among Pb-Cd, Cr-Co, Mn-Cu and Pb-Co, while, inverse relationships were found among Ca-Mn, Ca-Pb and Mg-Cd in the scalp hair of OA patients. Appreciably stronger positive correlations were noted for Mn-Cd, Pb-Cd, Pb-Co, Fe-Cr, Fe-Cu, Mn-Cu, Mg-Ca, Mn-Fe and Cr-Cd in the scalp hair of RA patients. On the other hand in the scalp hair of JIA patients strong positive correlations were noted for Cu-Cd, xxix Pb-Cu, Pb-Ca, Fe-Cu, Zn-Ca, Pb-Cd and Cu-Ca. The scalp hair of SPA patients exhibited stronger correlations among Cu-Cd, Mg-Ca, Zn-Cu, Zn-Cd, Mg-Cu, Zn-Mg and Zn-Ca. In case of the scalp hair of SLE patients noticeable positive correlations were noted for Ca- Cr, Mn-Cd, Zn-Mn, Cr-Cd and Mn-Cr. Principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA) of the metal data manifested significantly divergent apportionment of the metals in the scalp hair of various arthritis patients compared with the healthy subjects. The distribution of selected metals in the scalp hair of above mentioned types of arthritis patients and healthy subjects were also investigated for any viable differences with respect to gender, habitat, food habits & smoking habits and several significant differences were observed in both groups. Most of the metals exhibited random distribution in the blood of various arthritis patients and healthy subjects. In the blood of OA patients, comparatively higher levels were noted for Fe (239.7 μg/g), Ca (159.1 μg/g), Mg (29.02 μg/g) and Pb (5.729 μg/g), while the healthy subjects depicted higher concentrations for Fe (305.4 μg/g), Ca (169.5 μg/g), Mg (41.66 μg/g), Zn (8.934 μg/g) and Pb (4.092 μg/g). On the average basis dominant mean levels were found for Fe (230.1 μg/g), Ca (190.6 μg/g), Mg (30.54 μg/g) and Pb (7.825 μg/g) in the blood of RA patients, while JIA patients showed elevated mean levels of Fe (500.7 μg/g), Ca (69.92 μg/g), Mg (29.30 μg/g), Zn (6.002 μg/g), Pb (5.415 μg/g) and Co (3.129 μg/g). In the blood of SPA patients, relatively higher levels were observed for Fe (392.4 μg/g), Ca (66.07 μg/g), Mg (28.17 μg/g), Pb (5.553 μg/g), Zn (5.037 μg/g), Cr (4.173 μg/g), Co (3.695 μg/g) and Cu (1.966 μg/g), whereas dominant mean levels were noted for Fe (321.0 μg/g), Ca (47.24 μg/g), Mg (31.64 μg/g), Zn (7.721 μg/g), Pb (7.185 μg/g), Co (4.516 μg/g), Cr (2.795 μg/g) and Cu (2.689 μg/g) in the blood of SLE patients. Majority of the metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Mn and Pb) exhibited relatively higher contribution in the blood of OA patients than the healthy subjects, while RA patients showed higher levels of Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn and Pb than the healthy subjects. Fairly high levels of Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn were found in the blood of JIA patients, while mean levels of Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe and Mn were higher in the blood of SPA patients. As observed in the previous case, the correlation study pointed out considerable disparities in the mutual relationships of the metal levels in the blood of the patients and healthy subjects. Multivariate methods including PCA and CA showed significantly divergent apportionment and multiple relations among the metals in the blood of various types of arthritis patients in comparison with counterpart healthy subjects. Average metal levels in each matrix of the patients and healthy subjects were also evaluated based on gender, habitat, dietary habits and smoking habits of the patients and healthy subjects; noticeable differences were observed in all categories. The average levels of selected metals were also compared for the above given types of the arthritis patients; this comparison demonstrated significantly differing variations among various types of arthritis patients. Overall, the study indicated significantly diverse pattern of relative distribution, mutual relationships and multivariate apportionment of the selected essential and toxic metals in the scalp hair and blood of above mentioned types of arthritis patients compared with the healthy subjects.