Correlation Between Internal and External Assessment at University Level: Acase Study of I. E. R, University of Peshawar

Abstract: Evaluation is the backbone of our education system. It is one of the important factors of the three pillars of our education system. The three pillars are: educational objectives, teaching learning process and evaluation or assessment. Assessment, scores or grades are one of the factors of the main concern for the students of any academic programme. The present study is aimed to investigate the correlation between the internal and external assessment of Master of Education (M. Ed) examination of the students of Institute of Education & Research (I.E.R), University of Peshawar. In total all 200 students of university of Peshawar who appeared in the M. Ed. Annual examinations were taken as a sample being convenient to the researcher. The data was obtained from the Examination section of the University of Peshawar. The data so obtained was then analyzed through SPSS and it was concluded that both the Internal and External assessments were correlated. The implications were discussed. Key Words:           Correlation, Assessment, Case study, M. Ed, University                              of  Peshawar.  

Evaluation of Biofertilizer for Chickpea-Maize Cropping System in Southern Punjab, Pakistan

Different biotic and abiotic factors limit the plant productivity. Among them, water deficit is most common. It seriously affects the plant physiology, biochemistry and yield. In the southern Punjab region, due to unfavorable environmental conditions, there is severe shortage of water which hampering the crop yield. To ameliorate the effect of water deficit different approaches can be adopted. The most economical and simplest approach is the use of biofertilizer along with the organic sources in chickpea-maize cropping system. Cropping system is important for improving soil health and crop yield as well. A legume has the ability to fix nitrogen by symbiotic relationship with microbe. It helps to maintain soil fertility and organic matter. In chickpea-maize cropping system, chickpea increased the N nutrition of cereal crop can enhanced because the N transfers from the chickpea to the cereal. Chickpea is able to take much of its nitrogen requirement from the atmosphere by forming a symbiotic association with soil bacteria called rhizobium, and thus does not need much fertilizer. Maize is the third major cereal crop and chickpea is an important dietary protein for the rural poor people of the world likewise Pakistan, Combined cropping system of chickpea-maize show a considerable promise in better productivity and help to reverse the decline in soil fertility. Biofertilizer have the potential to mitigate the effect of water deficit stress on growth and yield of chickpea and maize in natural conditions of Southern Punjab through a number of direct and indirect mechanisms. Keeping in view the above said problem, the present study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of biofertilizers for improving the productivity and profitability in chickpea-maize cropping system in southern Punjab. For this purpose already prepared biofertilizer (Rhizogold), Rock phosphate enriched compost and biogas slurry was taken. Rock phosphate enriched compost & biogas slurry were analyzed for various physicochemical properties in the laboratory. Biofertilizer were tested for bacterial population. A series of wire-house and field experiments were conducted for the evaluation of biofertilizer for chickpea-maize cropping system in South Punjab, Pakistan. The pot experiments were conducted to evaluate biofertilizer for improving growth, yield and quality of chickpea and maize crops following chickpea – maize cropping system. For the confirmation of results of pot trials, the field experiments were conducted following the chickpea-maize cropping system on permanent layout. Results of the pot trial showed that combined application of biofertilizer and biogas slurry gave significantly better results and improved grain yield up to 40 and 14% in chickpea and maize, respectively, as compared to control. While, in field trial I and II, the combined application of biofertilizer with biogas slurry showed maximum increase up to 39 and 32%, respectively, in grain yield of chickpea as compared to control. In both the field trials of maize, combined application of biofertilizer and biogas slurry showed maximum grain yield. The combined use of biofertilizer and biogas slurry also significantly improved the nitrogen concentration in soil and soil bacterial population after crop harvest. Biofertilizer also improved the profitability of the chickpea – maize cropping system as shown by the economic analyses of the results. So, it is concluded that use of biofertilizer can be effective in improving soil health and crop yield in chickpea-maize cropping system however its combined use with enriched compost and biogas slurry can be cost effective, economical and more efficient in improving the water and fertilizer use efficiency, microbial community and soil health in water stress area of South Punjab Pakistan.