The development of the F1 hybrids in major food crops and methods of hybrid seed production are imperative for achieving the important breeding goals. Thus evolving high yielding and better quality varieties play a decisive role in crop improvement programmes. Sunflower is also a crop in which genetic variance could be exploited considerably for higher seed and oil yields in the form of F1 hybrids.The best F1 hybrids, however can obtained by crossing of parents with good general and specific combiners and having high proportions of additive, dominance or complementary epistatic genes for the favourable expression of the seed yield, yield components and oil yields. Major improvement in sunflower breeding requires the urgency in evolving the heterotic hybrids which can best be achieved by tapping combining ability and heterotic vigour of F1 hybrids developed from crossing of genetically diverse female lines with male restorers. The sunflower hybrids are considered more stable, uniform in plant stand, highly self-fertile, highly productive in terms of seed yield and oil content, earlier in maturity, resistant to lodging and diseases. The present studies were carried-out at experimental field of Oil Seeds Section Agriculture Research Institute, Tandojam from 2008 to 2010. Six lines T-4-0319, PAC-0505, HO-I,Hysun-33, Peshawar-93 and CMS03 and three testers PAC-0306, PAC-64-A-93 and SF-187 were crossed in a line x tester mating design, thus 18 cross combinations were developed for evaluation and genetic analysis of seed germination percentage, days to initial flowering, days to 75% flowering, days to maturity, number of leaves plant-1, plant height, head diameter, number of seeds plant-1, 1000-achene weight, seed yield plant-1, seed yield kg ha-1, oil content and oil yield kg ha-1. The analysis of variance revealed significant differences among the parents, crosses and parents vs. crosses for phenological, seed yield and oil traits in F1 and F2 hybrids. The significance of mean squares of parents vs. crosses observed for all the studied traits demonstrated the scope of heterosis breeding in sunflower hybrids while the significant differences between lines x tester interactions indicated the importance of specific combining ability (SCA) of the hybrids which demonstrated the importance dominance or non-additive variances and genes involved in the expression of studied traits. The significant mean squares due to lines and testers both determine the general combining ability (GCA) revealed the prevalence of additive variances for the studied traits. Significant genetic variability among the plant traits is particularly useful because variations in these traits would allow further improvement in sunflower yield and quality traits. The major role of dominant genes was very obvious because the ratio of σ2 SCA/ σ2 GCA washigher and degree of dominance (σ2D/ σ2A) being greater than unity. These results indicated the preponderance of dominant gene action suggesting the feasibility of xi hybrid crop development. General combining ability estimates revealed that CMS lines HO-I, T-4-0319 and PAC-0505 whereas tester parents PAC-0306 andPAC-64-A-93werefound as the best general combiners for early maturity, yield and oil traits, hence these parents may be preferred for hybridization programmes so as to develop hybrids and synthetics varieties. Specific combining ability and heterotic effects are very important estimates for determining the suitability of F1 hybrid crop development. The hybrids T-4-0319 x SF-187, HO-I x PAC-arg-0306, Peshawar-93 x SF-187 manifested higher positive SCA and heterotic effects for seed and oil yields while gave negative but desirable SCA effects for phenological traits and plant height. The hybrids which manifested best specific combining ability is attributable to dominant or over-dominanttype of genes, hence are desirable for the exploitation of hybrid crop development or selection of transgressive segregants in later generations of selection. The heritability estimates are generally low to moderate which is due to greater portion of dominant variances and dominant genes against the additive variances. These results suggested that selection for such traits may be exercised in later filial generations while giving the opportunity of recombination to occur between desirable genes. Generally,correlation results suggested thatleaves plant-1, head diameter and 1000-achene weight have shown strong associations with seed and oil yields, hence leaves plant-1,head diameter and 1000-achene weight may be used as the most reliableselection criteria to improve oil content and seed yield in sunflower breeding programmes.
شعبہ مالیات کے امین افسوس ہے کہ ۱۴؍ ستمبر کو دارالعلوم ندوۃ العلماء کے شعبہ مالیات کے امین و معتمد، دنیوی زندگی کی امانت کو ادا کرنے کے بعد اپنے مالک حقیقی سے جاملے، وہ استاذ الاساتذہ محمد سمیع صدیقی مرحوم کے صاحبزادے تھے جن کا تعلق ندوے سے مکانی ہی نہیں روحانی بھی ہمیشہ رہا، وہ ندوہ اور خصوصاً مولانا سید ابوالحسن علی ندویؒ کے عاشقوں میں تھے اور خود ایک باکمال اہل قلم تھے، ایسے باکمال کا اٹھ جانا بڑا سانحہ ہے، اﷲتعالیٰ ان کے حسنات کو قبول فرما کر بلند درجات سے نوازے۔ ( عمیر الصدیق دریابادی ندوی ، ستمبر ۲۰۱۰ء)
Marriage is a preamble of human life. The human society builds its façade on the characteristics of this unit. Humanity has been granted with divine rules for a successful life. The latest version of divine rules are conveyed through Islam and presented by the Holy Prophet Muhammad of benefits everlasting and grand the declared Islam of history Early. (صلى الله عليه وسلم) these rules in all nooks and corners of life; as Qur’ān and Ḥadīth prominences the trend of in-time marriages to ensure the tangible merits of life. Qur’ān declares marriage as ‘God given relationship’, ‘order from God’, ‘A lawful manner’, ‘Firm covenant’, ‘Love and compassion’, ‘Chastity of life’, ‘Right of women and Sign of safety’ and along with it, as marriage emphasizes (صلى الله عليه وسلم) Muhammad Prophet the of traditions the depicting it a ‘Half of religion’, ‘Protection of eyes’, ‘Prevention of character from corruption’, ‘source of Devil’s desperation’ etc. Owing to this stress of in-time marriages, a Muslim society is not supposed to delay or ignore in time marriages. But in present era, the trend of delaying in making marriages or ignoring the importance of in-time marriages is observing everywhere. This delay in making in-time marriages of young generation shows the weaknesses of faith and confidence in life. It is also the cause of many physical diseases and mental disorders. It destroys the best capabilities and abilities of young force. This paper highlights the importance of timely marriages, strength of married-couple life and damages of late marriage so that the requisite of Islam to form the society on the desired shape may be fulfilled. Lastly, this article emphasizes the need to review/change the social behavior regarding late marriages it also emphasizes the need to review/change the social behavior regarding late marriages and a herald to initiate some sorts of laws for making in-time marriages in society so that prevailing damages due to late marriages can be curtailed.
This study is an effort to contribute to understanding of the ongoing process of democratization in the Gulf region. The study explores the role played by the United States and its Civil Society in the process of democratization of the Gulf Countries, namely Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates, during 2000 and 2008. Among the questions addressed in this study are (a) to what extent has the Bush Administration supported democratization in the Gulf region? (b) what role the nongovernmental American organizations have played in this regard? and (c) what is the official response of the Governments in the Gulf region to the U.S. demands for democratic change? Activities carried out by the American State and Civil Society that promote democratic values and strengthen democratic institutions have been examined. The study is an effort to examine what role the United States played to enhance democracy in the Gulf region during 2000 and 2008. Focus of the study is on areas of politics, economy, education, civil society, human rights, women empowerment, and media. Goals, objectives, approaches, strategies, and tools adopted by the U.S. State and Society have been examined in the light of the Bush Administration’s policy of democracy promotion in the Middle East. The study also takes an account of the reforms and changes that have taken place in the region during this period