In the present study, investigations were made to find the changes in different physical and chemical parameters of three wheat varieties (Lasani-08, Faisalabad-08 and Sehar-06) infested by varying levels of stored grain mites (Rhizoglyphus tritici). Results showed that significant variations were observed in physico-chemical characteristics, mineral profile, amino acid profile and fatty acid profile of three wheat varieties. Mite population was significantly increased and reaches upto 7513 mites in Lasani-08 after six months in the treatment initially treated with twenty pairs of mite. Maximum decrease in the thousand kernel weight was observed in Lasani-08 out of all the three varieties after six months of storage which was from 38.50g in control to 26.07g in treatment with maximum number of mites. Wet and dry gluten were also found decreasing with increasing infestation of stored grain mites in three wheat varieties. Wet gluten ranged from 22.65% in T3 after six months to 31.74% in T4 after one month in Sehar-06, while dry gluten ranged from 6.17% in T3 after six months to 9.92% in T4 after one month in Sehar-06. Moisture content was found increasing with increasing mite population after different storage periods in three varieties. Maximum moisture was observed in Lasain-08 after six months of storage in the treatment initially treated with twenty pairs of mites that was 18.13%. Crude protein and crude fat were found decreasing in three varieties and ranged from 10.03% after six months in T3 of Faisalabad-08 to 14.43% after one month in T4 of Sehar-06 and 0.52% after six months in T3 of Faisalabad-08 to 1.38% after one month in T4 of Faisalabad-08, respectively. Fiber and ash content showed a significant and positive correlation with mite population. Fiber ranged from 1.03% after one month in T4 of Lasani-08 to 4.30% after six months in T3 of Sehar-06. Ash ranged from 1.23% after three and six months in T4 of Lasani-08 to 3.60% after six months in T3 of Sehar-06. Maximum decrease in NFE of Sehar-06 was observed after six months in the treatment having maximum mite population (T3) that was 62.12% from 65.64% in control. Flour quality parameters such as falling number, water absorption, dough development time, dough stability, mixing tolerance index and softening of dough showed significant and negative correlation with mite population. Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn), Copper (Cu), Calcium (Ca), Potassium (K), Sodium (Na), Magnesium (Mg) and Zinc (Zn) in different wheat varieties were found increasing with increasing mite population after one, three and six months of storage, although this increase was just a proportion increase due to the depletion of other contents in grains. Different amino acids were found decreasing with increasing mite population in three wheat varieties after different storage periods and exhibited negative correlation with mite population. Different fatty acids were found decreasing with increasing mites infestation. After different storage periods Capric, Myristic, Palmitic and Palmitoleic ranged from 0.05 to 0.18%, 0.07 to 0.19%, 12.25 to 16.25% and 0.15 to 0.40%, respectively while Stearic, Oleic, Linoleic and Linolenic ranged from 0.21 to 0.62%, 12.15 to 15.90%, 55.33 to 59.82% and 4.80 to 7.50%, respectively under different treatments. Conclusively, it can be inferred that stored grain mites infestation deteriorate the quality of stored wheat.
(1) ڈاکٹر محمد عامر اقبال سے میری وابستگی اور شیفتگی مرشد اقبال کی نسبت سے ہے کہ میں بھی اقبال کی عظیم الشان شخصیت کا گرویدہ اور فکر اقبال کی ترویج و تفہیم کی تحریک کا ادنیٰ کا رکن ہوں اور وہ بھی عشق اقبال کے چوٹ کھائے ہوئے ، ان کی بے نظیر فکر کے متوالے اور اس شاندار اور انقلاب آفریں فکر سے قوم کے نوجوانوں کے قلوب و اذہان منور کرنے میں رات دن کوشاں ہیں۔ انہوں نے فکر اقبال کی ترویج و اشاعت کو وقت گزاری کا مشغلہ اور کمائی کا ذریعہ سمجھ کر نہیں بلکہ مقدس قومی فریضہ سمجھ کر اپنایا ہے۔ میں انہیں اردو ادب اور اقبالیات کے ایک ہر دلعزیز استاد، سلجھے ہوئے نقاد اور اقبال شناس کے طور پر تو بہت پہلے سے جانتا تھا مگر ترویج و تفہیم فکر اقبال کی تحریک یعنی بزم فکر اقبال پاکستان میں، بزم کی سیالکوٹ شاخ کے صدر کے طور پر، ان کی شمولیت سے، علامہ اقبال سے عشق کی حد تک ان کی وابستگی ، فکر اقبال سے ان کی کمال محبت ، اس کی ترویج و تفہیم کے لیے ان کی تڑپ ، لگن اور جدو جہد کا میں دل سے معترف اور گرویدہ ہو گیا ہوں ۔ (۲) اب ایک اور کمال ہوا کہ ڈاکٹر عامر نے اپنی تازہ کتاب پروفیسر عبد الحق : حوال و افکار کا مسودہ، پیش لفظ لکھنے کے لیے، اس فقیر کو بھیج دیا۔ مسودہ پڑھتے ہوئے ڈاکٹر عامر کے علمی ،تنقیدی اور تحقیقی جو ہر بھی کھلنے لگے اور اتنی عمیق، پختہ اور عمدہ تحقیق دیکھ کر میں حیرت کے سمندر میں ڈوبتا چلا گیا کہ: یہ کلی بھی اس گلستان خزاں منظر میں تھی ایسی چنگاری بھی یارب ، اپنی خاکستر میں تھی! (۳) پروفیسر عبدالحق کا شمار ہندوستان کے چوٹی کے...
هدفت الدراسة الحالية إلى التعرف على كفايات قيادة التغيير اللازمة لمٌديري مدارس محافظة شمال الشرقية بسلطنة عُمان في ضوء النموذج السلوفيني (Slovenian Model)، واتبعت الدراسة المنهج الوصفي، كما استخدمت الاستبانة في جمع البيانات والمعلومات وتم تطبيقها على عينة مكونة من (72) مُديراً ومُديرة. وتوصلت نتائج الدراسة إلى أن كفايات قيادة التغيير اللازمة لمٌديري مدارس محافظة شمال الشرقية بسلطنة عُمان في ضوء النموذج السلوفيني (Slovenian Model) جاءت بدرجة عالية بصورة إجمالية، كما جاءت أيضاً بدرجة عالية في جميع المجالات وهي:: الكفايات الإدراكية، والكفايات الوظيفية، والكفايات الشخصية والاجتماعية . كما كشفت النتائج عن عدم وجود فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية في استجابات أفراد عينة الدراسة عند مستوى (α ≤ 0.05) تُعزى إلى متغير سنوات الخبرة، ولكن وجدت هذه الفروق في متغير الجنس ولصالح الإناث، والمؤهل العلمي ولصالح حملة البكالوريوس.
Phytochemical Analysis and Plant Mediated Nanoparticles Synthesis from Quercus Incana Traditional medicines play significant role as healers, in addition to the synthetic drugs, for different diseases. Plants form a significant part of traditional healing and hence, Quercus incana was chosen for nanoparticles synthesis, biological screening and phytochemical analysis to determine a scientific basis for the traditional use of this plant. The phytochemical screening was carried out using column chromatography (CC) followed by thin layer chromatography (TLC), identification and structure elucidation of pure compounds were done by using spectroscopic and spectrometric techniques (1D and 2D-NMR, IR, UV, Mass). Through phytochemical analysis, fourteen compounds were isolated, among them four compounds (decane-1, 1,4-triol [1], 4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl) pentanoic acid [2], 2-(4-hydroxybutan-2-yl)-5-methoxyphenol [3], and 3-(2-hydroxy-4 methoxyphenyl) butane-1, 1-diol) [4] were new rare class of aliphatic alcohols and acids. Along these new compounds ten known compounds (Cirsimaritian [5], Eupatorin [6], b-amyrin [7], Betulin [8], Ursolic Acid [9], 3 β-hydroxy-30-Norlupan-20-one[10], 12-Oleanen-3yl acetate [11], β-Sitosteryl-D-glycoside [12], 1-Triacontanol [13], and 4-methoxy-1-methyl-2-oxo-1, 2-dihydropyridine-3-carbonitrile) [14], were isolated for the first time from Quercus incana except Ursolic Acid. Small sized, polydispersed gold nanoparticles were synthesized using all fractions of Quercus incana (n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, aqueous fraction) and isolated compound (b-amyrin). 4-Methoxy-1-methyl-2-oxo-1, 2-dihydropyridine-3-carbonitrile was used for the synthesis of monodispersed silver nanoparticles. Biological screening of extracts, nanoparticles and pure compounds showed tremendous results. All fractions of Quercus incana were analyzed for antioxidant activity, nitric oxide scavenging activity, total phenolic content and antimicrobial potential. Among all fractions, ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions showed immense biological activities as these fractions may contain polyhydroxy compounds which contribute to the enhancement of activities. Synthesized nanoparticles were screened for antibacterial activity and it was found that extract xi loaded nanoparticles may be used as antibacterial agents by comparing it with crude extract. Crude extract was found inactive at low concentration whereas nanoparticles showed good activity against human pathogens. The unique properties of silver and gold nanoparticles have stimulated the increasing interest in the application of nanoparticles in interfacing biological recognition events with signal transduction and in designing biosensing devices exhibiting novel functions. The recognition behavior of nanoparticles were explored with different drugs and results showed that only Ag-NPs (4-methoxy-1-methyl-2-oxo-1, 2-dihydropyridine-3-carbonitrile) had biosensing ability towards cephalexin. Isolated compounds were screened for anti-biofilm, cytotoxic and anticancer activity. Eupatorin, Cirsimaritin and β-Sitosteryl-D-glycoside showed good anti-biofilm activity which explored the medicinal use of these compounds in pharmaceutics as an anti-biofilm agent. A preliminary screening of natural product compounds was carried out against NCI-H460 (Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma) cell line. The compounds; 12-Oleanen-3yl acetate, Betulin, Eupatorin, and Cirsimaritin showed good anticancer activity. The compound, 12-Oleanen-3yl acetate was found more active anticancer agent against NCI-H460 cell line. Similarly, Cirsimaritin, 12-Oleanen-3yl acetate and Betulin showed good cytotoxic activity against NIH-3t3 (Normal Fibroblast) cell line.