The present investigation was carried out to explore the ethnopharmacological potential of ethnobotanically important three plants, Olea europaea L., O. ferruginea Royle and J. sambac (L.) Aiton belonging to family Oleaceae. The stem and leaf powder of all these plants were macerated in polar and non-polar solvents, i.e. distilled water, ethanol, chloroform and n-hexane, respectively. Maximum percentage yield was obtained in the stem aqueous extract of Olea ferruginea (13.11%) while least in stem chloroform extracts of Jasminum sambac (2.1%). The phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, anthraquinines, tannins, flavonoids, reducing sugars, cardiac glycosides, saponins and terpenoids in moderate quantity in Olea europaea and O. ferruginea while least amount in Jasminum sambac which was further confirmed by FTIR analysis. The antimicrobial activity of plant extracts was checked against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli and found maximum with stem ethanol extract of Olea europaea, i.e. 38.07±2.76 mm against P. aeruginosa while minimum by stem chloroform extract of Olea ferruginea, i.e. 5.23±1.08 mm against E. coli. The stem aqueous extract of Olea europaea, stem n- hexane extract of Olea ferruginea and stem ethanol extract of Jasminum sambac showed MIC at 1.25mg/mL. The antioxidant analysis concluded that ethanol leaf extract of Olea ferruginea demonstrated IC50 value 12 μg/mL (DPPH scavenging activity). Significant metal chelating activity was observed by stem chloroform extract of Olea europaea 98.06±1.61%. Ethanol stem extract of Olea europaea presented maximum % inhibition of peroxidation (91.72±1.60 %) as compared to other extracts of Olea ferruginea and Jasminum sambac. Maximum amount of total phenolic contents were found in the leaf ethanol extracts of (142.97±1.67 GAE μg/mL). Leaf ethanol extract of Olea ferruginea and Olea europaea presented maximum total antioxidant activity (1.551±0.657 AE μg/mL) and (1.493±0.762) respectively. Molecular identification of universal FMDV was accomplished using Reverse Transcriptase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR). BHK-21 cells were used to check toxicity of different extracts of tested plants while their antiviral potency was also examined against FMDV. It was observed that alcohol leaf extracts of Olea europaea had potent antiviral activity at concentration range of 31.25μg/mL to 250μg/mL with CSP ranging from 51% to 63% followed by activity of chloroform extracts where cell survival percentage was observed 54% and xiii 57% at concentration 31.25μg/mL and 62.5μg/mL respectively. The n-hexane leaf extract of O. europaea exhibited antiviral activity at concentration of 15.62μg/mL to 125μg/mL. CSP in aqueous extracts was 50% at concentration range of 31.25μg/mL and 62.5μg/mL, respectively. All stem extracts of Jasminum sambac were found non-toxic to BHK-21 cells at different concentrations but had no antiviral potential against FMDV at the same concentration range. On the basis of the results obtained in the present studies, the traditional use of the three targeted plants of family Oleaceae as food, fodder, feed and medicine seems appropriate and thus is justified.
The attachment system is thought to facilitate relationship goals by motivation seeking and bonding activities with significant others, particularly under times of stress (Bowlby, 1982). Attachment theory has also contributed to further understanding the marital relationship in terms of profound psychological and physiological interdependence. It is perhaps this interdependence that causes damage to the quality of attachment relationship. Hence, attachment injury is defined as “a specific incident or event in which one partner is unresponsive and inaccessible when one partner cries out for help in extreme need” (Johnson & Makinen, 2001). Therefore, marital distress or breakup in couple’s relationships does not happen suddenly, so understanding of attachment injury in relation to individual’s marital quality and attachment style would help practitioners to be equipped for appropriate and effective inventions. Further it would also help counsellors and mental health professionals to be familiar with the complexities of the topic by dealing with consequences of an attachment injury ethically and competently. Therefore our study aimed at examining the prevalence and nature of attachment injury and its effect on marital quality, in a group of married heterosexual couples. It also attempted to associate attachment styles with and without attachment injury in couples. The study employed cross-sectional exploratory design with a set of self-administered measures. The sample comprised of 400 married individuals from urban Bangalore. Statistical results showed those individuals who were experiencing attachment injury are associated with poor marital quality. It was also seen that attachment injury was found to be associated with gender and insecure attachment style. Therefore our findings suggest that poor marital quality with insecure attachment style plays an important role in attachment injury over time. Based on the attachment style, further intervention strategies and effective programs should be designed for marital counselling. And marital enrichment programs may be useful to enhance marital quality to prevent the marital distress or breakups.
Breast cancer is the mostly affecting women and is the most common cause of women death globally. In Asia, Pakistan is considered as having very high breast cancer incidence rate which is increasing every year by 19.33%. Numerous studies proposed oncogenic viruses can cause breast cancer, but the proposal is still debatable. Research from past decade has linked viral infection to breast cancer development. This study was aimed to identify the prevalence of endogenouse MMTV sequences and investigate potential pathogenesis of exogenous MMTV virus with host restriction factor (BST-2) in breast cancer development and progression. To identify MMTV prevalence, qualitative PCR technique was used, and DNA samples of breast cancer tissues were screened for MMTV prevalence using specific detection primers. Our results conclude that of 29.3% of breast cancer samples (n=250) were positive for the presence of MMTV sequences with no detection of MMTV in healthy control samples. Also, the statistical analysis showed no association of MMTV prevalence with the breast cancer disease outcomes except for age and grade of breast cancer patients. The restriction factor BST-2/tetherin plays a critical role in preventing the release of MMTV progeny virions from infected cells and in promoting viral clearance through activation of signal transduction pathways. Although BST-2-mediated effect limits cell-free virus infection and spread, what happens to the infected cells ladened with unreleased virions is yet to be determined in breast cancer.To further investigate that BST-2-tethered MMTV virus particles may change molecular signature of infected cells that results in cell-to cell viral spread. Using acute retrovirus infection model and various cell lines (NMuMG, 4T1, HMLE and MDA-231), it showed that titer of extracellular MMTV virus significantly increases while intracellular viral load decreases in BST-2 suppressed cells. Despite equivalent starting cell numbers, BST-2-expressing MMTV infected cells exhibit increased proteolytic and non-proteolytic cell motility. The motile MMTV infected cells contain high levels of viral nucleic acids, BST-2, and metalloproteases. Interestingly, increased cell motility of BST-2-expressing cells correlates with increased infection of target cells in a trans-infection model of virus transmission as well as high activity of metalloproteases. Our findings suggest that in MMTV infection, depends on BST-2 expression to alter the anti-MMTV effect of BST 2 through NF-κB activation that leads to increased MMP-9 secretion. It is concluded that MMTV infected BST-2 expressing cancer cells promote metastasis by enhancing the ability of virus-ladened cells to migrate, carve through extracellular membranes, and infect a population of target cells at distal sites by colony formation and resistance to anoikis. The direct impact of this study will be on women suffering from breast cancer. Spreading awareness via public health sectors regarding Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus screening and link to breast cancer, will aid in the preventive measures against breast cancer.