Application of organic manures and its integration with chemical fertilizers could be effective in order to manage nitrogen for sustainable production of maize (Zea mays L.). Therefore, a field study was performed at Agronomic Research Area, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan to evaluate the different nitrogen sources for sustainable production of autumn maize. Poultry manure (PM) compost, press-mud (PrM) compost and urea were used as nitrogen sources. The study comprised of two experiments which was carried out during 2011 and 2012. In experiment-I treatments were control, 2 t ha -1 PM compost, 4 t ha -1 PM compost, 6 t ha -1 PM compost, 8 t ha -1 PM compost, 10 t ha -1 PM compost, 2 t ha -1 PrM compost, 4 t ha -1 PrM compost, 6 t ha -1 PrM compost, 8 t ha -1 PrM compost and 10 t ha -1 PrM compost. However, in experiment-II treatments were control, 100% N from PM compost, 75% N from PM compost + 25% N from urea, 50% N from PM compost + 50% N from urea, 25% N from PM compost + 75% N from urea, 100% N from PrM compost, 75% N from PrM compost + 25% N from urea, 50% N from PrM compost + 50% N from urea, 25% N from PrM compost + 75% N from urea and 100% N from urea. The results of experiment-I showed that crop growth rate, 1000-grain weight, biological yield, grain yield, grain protein and soil inorganic N, organic matter and water holding capacity were recorded maximum with the application of 10 t ha -1 PM compost compared to unfertilized control. Results of HYDRUS-2D model showed that maximum inorganic N was predicted in soils amended with 10 t ha -1 PM compost. However, 10 t ha -1 PM compost also gave maximum gross and net income and benefit cost ratio. The results of experiment-II showed that application of 25% N from PM compost + 75% N from urea gave maximum crop growth rate, 1000-grain weight, biological yield, grain yield, grain protein and soil inorganic N. The maximum soil organic matter and water holding capacity were attained where 100% N from PM compost was applied. However, HYDRUS-2D model predicted maximum soil inorganic N where 25% N from PM compost + 75% N from urea was applied. Moreover, economic analysis depicted that maximum gross and net income and benefit cost ratio were attained due to incorporation of 25% N from PM compost + 75% N from urea. This study suggested that 10 t ha -1 PM compost and 25% N from PM compost + 75% N from urea could be utilized successfully in agro-climatic conditions of Faisalabad, Pakistan for sustainable production of maize.
The individual’s personality, character, thinking, skills and habits depends upon education. Education helps in the growth and boost the qualities of an individual such as physical, mental and emotional make-up as well as temperament and character. This paper enlightens the significant role of education in developing and mounting the personality of ‘Omar Ibn alKhattāb (R.A). He was one of the most powerful and influential Muslim caliphs. His vibrant ideology of superiority of principles and laws made him eminent among his acquaintances. He was a man of determination and a mission, therefore, he thought, evaluated and acted according to it. He established a system of justice, morality, education and training. He was born as an ordinary‘Omar but education and guidance of Islam made him “‘Omar The Great”. This paper ends with the note that a balanced, successful and well-adjusted personality can be designed only by educating the individuals. Educational institutions, religious organizations and enrich culture play an important role in shaping the sturdy personality as is evident in case of ‘Omar(R.A).
Forest biodiversity and its role in community development and livelihood improvement was studied in Chitral and Swat districts of Pakistan. Five species of morels were recorded in Mankial valley including Morchella conica Pers., Morchella esculenta Fr., Morchella delociosa Fr., Morchella rotunda (Pers.) Boud., Morchella semilibera DC., in Mankial valley District Swat. The total annual production of dried morels was 334 kg and market value was Rs. 5999000/- in Mankial, Rs. 6609000/- at Mingora and Rs. 9130000/- at Islamabad during 2016. The Morchella species are collected for own uses and marketing and 97% of the morels are marketed while the remaining 3% are used as food or folk medicines. The highest population of markhor (Capra falconeri falconeri Wagner) was noted at Toshi Shasha conservancy Chitral with 1455 individuals during 2016 followed by 522 animals in Gehret Goleen conservancy Chitral during 2012 and 62 animals in Mankial valley district Swat during 2015. The total income was 3.473 million US $ from markhor (Capra falconeri falconeri Wagner) trophy hunting during 1998 to 2016 in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, out of which 20 % amounting 0.69486 million US $ were kept by the government as token money while 80 % amounting 2.7794 million US $ were paid to the community as their share while in Toshi Shasha conservancy Chitral the income was found Rs. 31.188 million in 211-2012, Rs. 36.137 million in 2012-13, Rs. 47.983 million in 2013-14 and Rs. 61.385 million during 2014-15. The community spent an amount of Rs. 3.083 million in 2011-2012, Rs. 4.397 million in 2012-2013, Rs. 5.009 million in 2013-2014 and Rs. 9.819 million during 2014-15 on community development and livelihood improvement through implementation of 50 community projects. The physical, climatic and chemical parameters of morels habitat in Mankial valley Swat were also studied and elemental, nutritional analysis were carried out. Phytosociological attributes including plant abundance, frequency and crown density in the study area were also carried out.