Intensive use of chemical fertilizers has produced environmental, health and agricultural hazards besides their high cost. Microbial (plant growth promoting rhizobacteria) inoculation as substitute to chemical fertilizers could be an effective way for sustainable sunflower production. Therefore, a field study was performed at the Agronomic Research Area, Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, to evaluate role of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria for improving nitrogen and phosphorus use efficiency in sunflower. The study comprised of two experiments carried out during 2012 and 2013 in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. In first experiment, sunflower hybrid (Hysun-33) was subjected to eleven treatments viz. Control, Recommended N (100%), 100% N + PGPR (Azospirillum) seed inoculation, 75% N + PGPR (Azospirillum) seed inoculation, 50% N + PGPR (Azospirillum) seed inoculation, 100% N + PGPR (Azotobactor) seed inoculation, 75% N + PGPR (Azotobactor) seed inoculation, 50% N + PGPR (Azotobactor) seed inoculation, 100% N + PGPR (Azospirillum + Azotobactor) seed inoculation, 75% N + PGPR (Azospirillum + Azotobactor) seed inoculation, 50% N + PGPR (Azospirillum + Azotobactor) seed inoculation. While second experiment comprised of treatments: Control, Recommended P (100%), 100% P + PGPR (Bacillus) seed inoculation, 75% P + PGPR (Bacillus) seed inoculation, 50% P + PGPR (Bacillus) seed inoculation, 100% P + PGPR (Pseudomonas) seed inoculation, 75% P + PGPR (Pseudomonas) seed inoculation, 50% P + PGPR (Pseudomonas) seed inoculation, 100% P + PGPR (Bacillus + Pseudomonas) seed inoculation, 75% P + PGPR (Bacillus + Pseudomonas) seed inoculation, 50% P + PGPR (Bacillus + Pseudomonas) seed inoculation. The results of first experiment depicted that both inoculants and their mixture with different nitrogen rates showed an increase in growth, yield, quality and nutrients uptake parameters. The results further revealed that 100% nitrogen + PGPR (Azospirillum + Azotobactor) inoculation not only produced highest achene and oil yields but also gave maximum gross and net income and benefit cost ratio during both years (2011 and 2012) of experimentation. However, 75% nitrogen + PGPR (Azospirillum + Azotobactor) inoculation produced statistically same yield as with recommended nitrogen (100%). The results of the second experiment showed significant improvement in growth, yield, quality and nutrients uptake of sunflower crop by both inoculation and their mixture sources with various combinations of phosphorus. However, maximum achene and oil yields with highest gross, net income and benefit cost ratio were obtained with the combination of 100% phosphorus + PGPR (Bacillus + Pseudomonas) inoculation during both years. But applying the combination of 50% phosphorus + PGPR (Bacillus + Pseudomonas) inoculation achieved the achene and oil yield statistically comparable to that of recommended phosphorus (100%) without inoculation. The study suggested that 25% of nitrogen and 50% of phosphorus fertilizer doses can be reduced by applying PGPR (Azospirillum + Azotobactor) and (Bacillus + Pseudomonas) inoculation sources respectively, for achieving sunflower achene yield which was obtained by using 100% nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers without inoculation.
اسٹیبلشمنٹ پر آج بھی بھٹو صاحب کا خوف طاری ہے ۔بھٹو اپنے انتخابی نشان تلوار کی طرح مخالفین کے اعصاب پر چھا یا ہوا ہے ۔مخالف بھٹو کی سوچ سے اس لیے بھی ڈرتے ہیں کہ یہ سوچ آج بھی زندہ ہے ۔لاکھوں لوگ بھٹو شہید کے مزار پر آتے ہیں اور ایک نئی طاقت لے کر واپس جاتے یہں ۔
Communication development has made the world a global village. The modern and art education is lasting in this era. Due to this interacting atmosphere of epistemic collaboration takes place. Hence, only international seminars and interfaith dialogues are considered to be the meaningful. Quran as the root source of seerah explained by various interpreters according to their knowledge taste. Imam addalji (died 947 A.H) also interpreted verses of seerah as well as “al-Shifa̅” text in his famous manuscript (“al-Istif a̅’ libaya̅n Ma ̒ a̅ni̅ al-Shifa̅”) in pure cognitive contents. The following research paper reviews the discussions of cognitive contents described under the interpretation of ayat al majeah and rahmat in his Manuscript. The main objective is to focus the reality that Quran is not against the art education in Fact Quran in itself has a very deep educational and artistic values. They can please the research keenness of human intellectual capacity in best way.
The present study was designed to indigenously adopt Novaco''s model of anger management and to look at its efficacy for individuals having psychiatric problems in Pakistan. The study was carried out in four phases. The first phase was to develop an indigenous model for anger management, so Novaco''s model was integrated with an indigenous model grounded in Islamic teaching to manage anger. In the second phase, assessment scales, such as the Novaco Anger Inventory (NAI) and the Anger Self-Report Questionnaire (ASR) were translated into Urdu by using the back translation method. An Urdu version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS) was used to double check the diagnoses of patients. In the third phase, a pilot study was conducted to compute the psychometric properties of the translated scales. Results of test-retest reliability (p < .01) showed that the translated versions of the scales were psychometrically strong and appropriate to the cultural content. The fourth phase was the main study; it was a quasi-experimental research, which includes a sample composed of two groups: a treatment group (received the indigenous model of anger management) and a control group (received general counseling). Initially, 100 individuals participated in the study; however, 37 individuals in the treatment group and 39 individuals in the control group completed the recommended package of sessions. Results of the study confirmed that there was a significant (p < .05) positive correlation between anger and psychological disorders. Statistics from repeated measures ANOVA indicated that, in the treatment group, individuals'' scores on the NAI and ASRQ were significantly (p < .01) decreased during three assessments. Similarly, results of the two-way repeated measures ANOVA revealed that the individuals in the treatment group significantly (p < .01) scored low on the NAI and ASRQ (at post-assessment) as compared to the control group. Therefore, it was concluded that the indigenous model of anger management was more effective than general counseling for anger management.