58. Al-Mujadilah/The Pleading Woman
I/We begin by the Blessed Name of Allah
The Immensely Merciful to all, The Infinitely Compassionate to everyone.
58:01
a. Allah has heard the woman who was pleading with you, concerning the issue of her husband, and was complaining to Allah.
b. And Allah was hearing the conversation between you.
c. For Allah is All-Listening, All-Watching.
58:02
a. Those among you who estrange their women/wives by declaring them to be as their mothers;
b. should know that they can never be made as their mothers, for their mothers are only those who gave birth to them.
c. Indeed, they utter what is highly contemptuous, baseless and false.
d. Yet, assuredly, Allah will be Pardoning, Forgiving to the one who repudiates by zihaar through an atonement.
58:03
a. Those of the husbands who thus estrange their women/wives, then they wish to retract what they had uttered, let them free a captive before any skin-to-skin cohabitation between them.
b. Thus you are being warned so that you will never utter such contemptuous words again.
c. And Allah is Well-Aware of what you do.
58:04
a. And whoever cannot find any captive to set free or does not have the means of doing so, then let him keep Fast for two consecutive months, without any interruption, before any skin-to-skin cohabitation between them.
b. And whoever is unable for reasons of ill health or old age, then let him feed sixty poor people.
c. All this is decreed so that you may believe in Allah, HIS Injunctions and HIS Messenger.
d. And these are the limits set by Allah.
e. And the disbelievers/disobedient - those who will not comply...
Penelitian ini dilatar belakangi oleh hasil belajar siswa kelas IV SD Katolik Tebuk yang kurang memuaskan dimana hanya 18 orang mencapai nilai KKM 75. Hal ini dikarenakan dalam pembelajaran guru hanya memberikan pembelajaran dengan menggunakan metode ceramah, demonstasi dan penguasaan saja sehingga tidak memberikan kesempatan kepada siswa untuk mengamati, mencari, serta menemukan konsep yang dipelajari. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah: (1) untuk mengetahui pelaksanaan pembelajaran yang meliputi aktivitas guru dan siswa yang diamati oleh guru pamong, (2) untuk mengetahui hasil belajar siswa dengan menggunakan model Scramble di kelas IV SD Katolik Tebuk. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah Penelitian Tindakan Kelas (PTK) dengan metode deskriptif kualitatif yang dilakukan dalam dua siklus pelaksanaan tindakan. Data penelitian diperoleh dengan menggunakan instrumen tes tertulis dan pedoman observasi. Data-data penelitian dianalisis dengan metode deskriptif kualitatif dan kuantitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa pembelajaran dengan menggunakan model Scramble dapat meningkatkan aktivitas guru dan siswa serta hasil belajar siswa. Hal ini terbukti dari hasil pengamatan yang diperoleh pada tiap siklusnya. Pada siklus I, presentase ketuntasan aktivitas guru mencapai 80, 76%, presentase ketuntasan aktivitas siswa 67, 85% dan presentase ketuntasan hasil belajar siswa mencapai 88, 18%. Data pada siklus II, presentase ketuntasan aktivitas guru mencapai 95, 19%, presentase ketuntasan aktivitas siswa mencapai 87, 5%, dan presentase ketuntasan hasil belajar Siswa mencapai 92, 72%. Maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa penerapan model kooperatif tipe scramble yang dilaksanakan dalam pembelajaran IPS meteri jenis-jenis pekerjaan dan kegiatan ekonomi dapat meningkatkan aktivitas guru, aktivitas siswa dan hasil belajar siswa kelas IV SD Katolik Tebuk.
Water quality of natural rivers and streams are becoming worst due to highly contaminated effluent in developing countries. In Pakistan, natural streams are presenting dramatic scenario along with deadly environmental conditions. Considering the water pollution issues and increasing demand of water, it is truly required to manage all these things on priority basis. In case of developing countries like Pakistan where there are severe financial constraints, it is necessary to formulate such tactics for water quality management which would maintain acceptable stream water standards. Considering the negative impacts on the environment due to dispose of untreated effluent, it is seriously required to plan environmental management for all natural rivers and streams. Environmental impacts of untreated effluent on “Ravi River” water quality have been taken up for investigation. Untreated effluents from the city of Lahore and it suburbs are seriously polluting “Ravi River”. The river section between “Ravi Syphon” and “Balloki” is presenting the most horrible scene, where industrial effluents from “Hudira” and “Deg Nallah” are also joining the river. In this segment the river water is being used for irrigation and livestock purposes. Considering the pollution scenario, more expansive effluent treatment systems will be required to maintain environmental standards of this river. It is concluded that due to high rate untreated effluent “Ravi River” is acting as a wastewater carrier. The study propagates different reasons for the surface water quality degradation in Pakistan. Mixing of untreated effluent in large quantity to “Ravi River” is a serious threat to the environment and public health. Surface water quality parameters like, Biological Oxyen Demand (BOD), Dissolve Oxygen (DO), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Suspended Solids, Phosphorus, Chloride, Sodium, Total Kjeldahls,Nitrogen (TKN), Nitrate, Nitrites, Oil & Grease and Total Coliforms were measured on selected sampling stations for the period of three years. Laboratory results of collected samples are not satisfactory. To investigate the impacts of untreated effluent on microbial activities a biological survey was also carried out. Species of fish, oligochaetes, algae, stone fly, midge, and cadesfly were identified and discussed. It was investigated that during winter the river seems to be quite polluted. However conditions become better during summer VIAbstract months due to the increase in the flow rate. High concentration of wastewater microbes clearly explains that water quality of “Ravi River” is not satisfactory. Modeling of wastewater treatment process has gained much attention and a lot of research has been focused toward this area. Basic Activated Sludge Models (ASM) developed by International Water Association (IWA) task group are contributing considerably in wastewater treatment modeling. Different factors related to the model performance like model selection, model functions and model calibration are discussed in detail to support the effluent treatment process in Pakistan. The applications of ASM1, ASM2, ASM2d, ASM3, ASM3_2N, ASM3 bio-P model etc. are also studied. The white- box modeling techniques in this area are more significant. The importance of black-box models under special conditions where white-box models are not able to predict accurate results are also investigated. It was also found that use of hybrid, linearization and Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques in wastewater treatment modeling can be more useful for process optimization and control. White-box modeling techniques in wastewater treatment modeling are most reliable for better understanding of the whole mechanism. Model purpose definition plays a vital role in model selection, data collection and calibration. Black-box modeling techniques can also be encouraged in this area to avoid wrong predicted results from white-box models under harsh environmental conditions like heavy rainfall or shock loading. It was also concluded during the investigation that hybrid modeling methodologies can be more supportive for process optimization and supervisory control. Low flow conditions in river along with high rate of contaminants are also damaging the ground water quality in the study area. During the study collected data from different departments, field sampling and field visits clearly narrate that hygienic conditions of “Ravi River” are becoming worst day by day. These conditions can only be improved by proper wastewater treatment plans, environmental management and powerful environmental legislation.