Studies to evaluate the wheat performance by silicon (Si) application under late sown conditions were carried out at Agronomic Research Area University of Agriculture, Faisalabad during 2010-11 and 2011-12. The study consisted of total four experiments. Prior to field experiments, two pot experiments were carried out in green house at Agronomic Research Area to optimize the best source and rate of Si both as soil and foliar application. Best Si source was determined from using sodium silicate, calcium silicate, and silicic acid, whereas Si level was optimized using four concentrations (0, 50, 100, and 150 mg/L) both as soil and foliar application. Both the experiments were carried out in green house using completely randomized design with three replications. Results revealed that Si from source Ca-silicate at the rate of 100 mg kg -1 as soil applied and 100 mgL-1 as foliar spray gave maximum improvement in crop growth. After the optimization of Si source and level from green house experiments, two field experiments were conducted at using the Randomized Complete Block Design with split-split arrangements. Three sowing dates (10th Nov, 10th Dec, 10th Jan) were placed in main plots, while wheat varieties (Sehar-2006 and Faisalabad -2008) and optimized dose of Si at different growth stages (control, basal, tillering, booting and heading) were placed in sub-plots and sub- sub plot, respectively. In first field experiment Si was applied as soil application but in second experiment it was applied as foliar spray at various growth stages. Data regarding the crop phenology, allometry, agronomic and biochemical traits were recorded using the standard procedures. The data so collected were analyzed statistically by using the Fischer’s analysis of variance technique and LSD at 5% probability was used to compare the difference among the treatments’ means. Results indicate that maximum days to maturity, growth attributes, yield and yield components and biochemical parameters were observed when Si at the rate of 100 mg kg -1 as soil or 100 mg L-1 as foliar was applied at the heading stage of wheat. Moreover, soil application of Si performed comparatively better than foliar spray.
Fostering of Muslims in particular is a necessity. Muslims need guidance to stay on their nature, namely peace, calm, and peace (congratulations). Therefore, to maintain and preserve the atmosphere (peaceful, calm, serene), then one of the da'wah movements that has taken a role is the Tablighi Jamaat. Forms of coaching that have been done include syuro (deliberation), ta'awun (help-help). The coaching is intended to be social capital in developing Muslims. Social capital is intended as an adhesive tool for the community, because it often occurs in Islamic internal conflict communities that will affect external conflicts (among religious believers). The formation of Muslims by the followers of Tabligh has clearly brought developments to Muslims, especially in the city of Palu, this development was marked by an increase in the number of halaqah from 2 halaqah (2001) to 12 halaqah (2018), and the development has benefited the community based at the mosque.
In this thesis, the medical condition of sepsis is considered at molecular level (signalling pathways) using computational systems-level approaches in order to get insights into the mechanism of disease progression. Sepsis is the pathological condition provoked due to the presence of bacterial endotoxin in the bloodstream. Subsequently Toll like receptors (TLR)4 and JAK/STAT signalling pathways attempt to reduce the pathogen burden by inducing pro- and anti-inflammatory innate immune responses. However, in some instances, an overwhelmed immune system could not properly regulate the balance between infection and inflammation that may ultimately lead to organ damage and consequently to death. In recent years, there has been an increasing amount of literature on the pattern of pro- and anti-inflammatory response elicited during sepsis, though; there has been a little agreement on the roles of pro- and antiinflammatory cytokines (AiCyts) in sepsis. This study mainly aims to address the controversy behind roles of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in sepsis by modelling the signalling pathway of TLR4 and one of the connected signalling cascades of JAK/STAT using qualitative modelling approach introduced by René Thomas’. The possible system dynamics of TLR4-JAK/STAT signalling pathways are produced for two medical conditions i.e. non-sepsis (type of infections that generally do not cause sepsis) and sepsis along with perturbations in these two cases. As a result, recurrent induction and inactivation of pro-inflammatory cytokines is found as the basic feature associated with sepsis. Besides AiCyts, IFN-β and SOCS-1 are found to mediate down-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines at different stages of signalling which cause variation of pro-inflammatory cytokines levels. It is observed that intervention in IFN-β mediated down-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines at earlier stages of system dynamics, while intervening the SOCS-1 mediated down-regulation of proinflammatory cytokines at later stages ensures hyper-inflammatory condition. On the other hand, interventions in TLR4, NFκB (transcription factor involved in the TLR4 1 Abstract signalling pathway) and JAK/STAT signalling are good choices for supporting the anti-inflammatory immune responses. Thus only possible protein-protein interactions involved in the initial downstream interactions of TLR4 signalling are studied in order to predict a more appropriate target in these interactions. Previous studies indicated that MyD88 adaptor-like protein (MAL) is an endogenous adaptor protein recognized as an important protein involved in the induction of TLR4 mediated downstream signalling pathway. Moreover, it has also been demonstrated that BTK and PKCδ phosphorylate MAL (positions Tyr86 and Tyr106) which ultimately activates MAL. Thus the modelling of PKCδ and protein-protein interactions of both BTK and PKCδ with MAL is performed in order to explore their competitive interaction. Molecular docking and physicochemical analysis reveals that PKCδ may phosphorylate only Tyr106 of MAL, while BTK may phosphorylate MAL at both positions. Interestingly, the charge and hydrophobicity at interfaces of PKCδ and BTK are found different in nature yet well-compatible with the individual positions of Tyr86 and Tyr106 of MAL. The most prominent findings emerged from this analysis is that position Tyr86 of MAL may explicitly be phosphorylated by BTK, while position Tyr106 of MAL may be phosphorylated by the competing interest of both PKCδ and BTK. In conclusion, this thesis will enhance our understanding about the signalling and protein-protein interactions involved in sepsis which will contribute to the development of drugs and vaccines against the medical condition of sepsis.