Acer pentapomicum (Family Aceraceae) is commonly known as maple plant. The aim of the study was to evaluate A. pentapomicum for biogenic synthesis of nanoparticles, its characterization, pharmacological importance and micro propagation. A. pentapomicum leaves mediated gold and silver nano-particles were successfully synthesized by reacting 1ml of aqueous leaves extract with different ratios of 1mM AuCl3 and AgNo3 solutions. The synthesis of gold and silver nanoparticles were confirmed and characterized by visual observation, UV-Visible-spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared FTIR analysis. Color change from yellowish to dark purple and to reddish brown confirmed the gold and silver nanoparticles synthesis. Gold nanoparticles (AuNps) were stable at 25-35°C, at pH 7-8 and in the presence of millimolar salt (NaCl) solution. Biosynthesized nanoparticles display a characteristic surface plasmon resonance at 568nm (AuNps) and 450nm (AgNps) in UV-Visible spectrum. SEM and EDX analysis also confirmed the presence and synthesis of gold and silver nanoparticles with spherical morphology. XRD patterns reveals the cubic, face centered, crystalline nature of gold and silver nanoparticles. The leaves mediated silver nanoparticles, however, were efficiently produced at a temperature range of 35-55°C and an optimum pH of 6-7. The average size of the synthesized gold and silver nanoparticles found to be in the range of 18-25nm. The FTIR analysis of gold and silver nanoparticles affirmed the presence of certain biomolecules (carboxylic acid, flavonoids, phenols) that act as reducing and capping agent for leaves mediated nanoparticles synthesis. Agar well diffusion method was carried out for potent biocidal activities of gold and silver nanoparticles against different bacterial, fungal and candida strains. Both synthesized nanoparticles showed potent bactericidal, fungicidal and candidacidal activities. However, Klebseilla pneumonia with growth inhibition of 91% was the most susceptible microbe to gold nanoparticles. Antimicrobial activities of A. pentapomicum (leaves and stem) extracted with different organic solvents were also evaluated using Agar disc diffusion and well diffusion bioassay. Leaves extracted samples showed better biocidal activities than stem extracted samples. The most susceptible bacterium was Pseudomonas aeruginosa (79-94%) and Escherichia coli (87-91%), while, the least susceptible was Staphylococcus aureus (26-50%). Citrobacter freundi was the most resistant microbe to different plant extracts. Aspergillus niger was the most inhibited fungal species by both stems and leaves extracts followed by Rizopus oryzae. Regarding the antioxidant activity, different plant extracts and its synthesized nanoparticles possessed proficient antioxidant activity. However, methanolic extract of leaves and ethyl acetate extract of stem recorded maximum antioxidant activity. Gold nanoparticles showed better antioxidant activity than silver nanoparticles. When evaluated for phytotoxic activity, all plant extracts proved to be toxic against Lemna minor, revealing Butanol extract with maximum toxicity (87%). The qualitative analysis of different solvent extracted fractions confirmed the presence of various phytoconstituents such as alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, fixed oil, carbohydrates, and proteins etc. A successful micro propagation protocol for the shooting was developed and it was found that full strength woody plant medium (WPM) supplemented with BAP + IAA (2+0.5 mg l-1), recorded maximum shoot induction. Based on these results the plant can be efficiently used for safe, ecofriendly nanoparticles production, and as a biocidal, an antioxidant and a herbicidal agent.
This article discusses the problem of Islamic education from a theological and sociological point of view. The emergence of normative and verbalist Islamic education curriculum distorts the universality of Islam. Islam that is contextual in space and time, always in contact with sociological aspects, should be understood as something that can change its partiality dynamics continuously, even though there is a universal thing that is maintained as a normative belief. On the other hand, the failure of education to produce educational output that is dignified and virtuous has caused some people to distrust the world of education in developing the character and ethics of children. The vote of disbelief is getting stronger with the emergence of the National curriculum model which gives a greater portion of general subjects than religious subjects. This paper is a criticism of the development of the world of education in Indonesia, with the hope that education stakeholders make changes to the education system and the applicable curriculum.
Multiple hypothesis testing is an important topic in statistics. Therefore, the problem addressed in this thesis is an important one. The Bayesian methods of hy- potheses testing are widely used for solving different problems, and this technique is rather well developed. A lot of scientific works are dedicated to the development of this method. Many interesting and important results have been obtained in this field by different authors. Despite of this fact there still remain a lot of unsolved prob- lems. For filling these gaps, in this thesis we consider different problems of testing many hypotheses by the Bayesian approach. In particular, in the Bayesian problem of many hypotheses testing concerning all the parameters of multidimensional normal distribution at correlation of observation results we have obtained the following new results: the problem of computation of the risk function were considered; the formulae for calculation of multidimensional probability integrals by series using the reduction of dimensionality to one without information loss were derived; the formulae for cal- culation of product moments for normalized normally distributed random values were derived; the problems of existence and continuity of the probability distribution law of linear combination of exponents of quadratic forms of the normally distributed random vector, and, also, the problem of finding the closed form of this law were considered; the existence of this law and the opportunity of its unambiguous deter- mination by calculated moments of the appropriate random variable were proved; the approximation of optimal regions of acceptance of hypotheses, which significantly simplify the algorithms of realization of general solutions of the task, is offered; the viiiix properties and interrelations of the developed methods and algorithms were investi- gated; the problem of choosing the loss function in the Bayesian problem of many hypotheses testing was considered; the results of sensitivity analysis of the consid- ered Bayesian problem are given; the calculation results for concrete examples, which show the validity of the obtained results are given. Especially must be emphasized that new sequential method of testing many hypotheses based on special properties of regions of acceptance of hypotheses in the conditional Bayesian task of testing many hypotheses is offered. The results of research of the properties of this method are given. They show the consistency, simplicity and optimality of the obtained results in the sense of the chosen criterion, which consists in the upper restriction of the probability of the error of one kind and the minimization of the probability of the error of the second kind. The examples of testing of hypotheses for the case of the sequential independent sample from the multidimensional normal law of probability distribution with correlated components are cited. They show the high quality of the offered methods.