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Evaluation of Antimicrobial, Antioxidant and Anticancer Activity of Selected Indegenous Medicinal Plants of Pakistan

Thesis Info

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External Link

Author

Salahuddin, Hina

Program

PhD

Institute

Quaid-I-Azam University

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad.

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2018

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Plant Sciences

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/11091/1/Hina%20Salauhuddin_Plant%20Sci_2018_QAU_PRR.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676726110995

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From the last few decades, herbal products have been recognized globally.Plants have a major role in human’s life as they maintain and treat numerous diseases of both animals and humans. Medicinal plants are the major source of components that can be used in drug industry. Medicinal plants have exhibited potent antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral and anticancer activities. Currently, natural products are a part of more than half of all the recent drugs in use as they are cost effective and safe to use as compared to synthetic medicines. As medicinal plants are gaining importance day by day, eight medicinal plants have been selected to estimate biological potential of crude extracts. These include Portulaca grandiflora, Cynodon dactylon, Oxalis corniculata, Boheravia diffusa, Geranium wallichianum, Melia azedarach, Lawsonia inermis, and Paeonia emodi wall. Different polar and non-polar solvents were used to prepape extracts of these plants, and evaluated for their antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant and anticancer activities. Folin Ciocalteo and aluminium chloride methods were used to find out the total phenolic and flavonoid contents respectively. Three common methods were used to evaluate the antioxidant property of selected medicinal plants including 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, reducing power assay and phosphomolybdenum based total antioxidant capacity. Antibacterial activity was determined by disc diffusion method against six multi drug resistant strains and two sensitive reference strains. Antifungal activity was measured by agar disc diffusion assay against five fungal pathogenic strains. These crude plant extracts were also estimated for their anticancer potential against three cancer and one normal cell line including Hep2 (hepatic cancer), DU145 (prostate cancer), MDA-MB 231 (breast cancer) and MCF-10A (normal breast cell line). Further, the most active extracts were used to estimate their role in apoptosis via flow cytometry, annexin V/FITC and DNA frangmentation assay. For prevention of metastatic cancer crude extracts of plants were investigated for their wound healing and invasive potential, and also for NF-ĸB signaling pathway through Western blotting of apoptotic genes.Selected plant extracts were active against multidrug resistant bacterial strains, as maximum zone of inhibition was observed in ethanolic extract of G. wallichianum against S. typhi (43.3±1.5 with MIC of 25 µg/ml) and second highest in methanolic extract of P. grnadiflora against P. aeruginosa (36±1 with MIC of 25 µg/ml). Highest zone of inhibition against fungus was obtained from methanolic extract of P. grandiflora and ethanolic extract of C. dactylon (18±1 and 18±1.4 with the MIC of 50 µg/ml) against C. albicans. Maximum flavonoid and phenolic contents were obtained from alcoholic (methanloic and ethanolic) extracts while from polar extracts i.e. n-hexane phytochemicals were least extracted. Methanolic extracts of P. grandiflora contained highest amount of phenolic contents (89 µg GAE/mg) while lowest in n-hexane extracts of O. corniculata and P. grandiflora (15 µg GAE/mg). Highest amount of flavonoids were found in methanolic extracts of M. azedarach and B. diffusa (72 µg QE/mg). Maximum DPPH scavenging activity was estimated in ethnolic extract of O. corniculata (IC50 of 38 µg/ml) while second highest for methanolic extract of P. grandiflora (IC50 of 40 µg/ml). Reducing power of methanolic extract of O. corniculata was 2nd highest (11.5 µg AAE/mg) while highest reducing power was obtained in methanolic extracts of P. emodi (15.29 µg AAE/mg). Polyphenols in high amount in selected plant extracts have shown high antioxidant potential thus showing a positive correlation between phenolics and free radical scavenging power of plants. P. grandiflora exhibited highest anticancer potential by its methanol (PGM) and nhexane (PGH) extracts against MDA-MB 231 breast cancer cell line with lowest IC50, thus P. grandiflora was selected for further analysis on MDA-MB 231 cells. As P. grandiflora inhibit the breast cancer cells, this inhibition was connected with the cell cycle arrest in its early phases (G0/G1), consequently apoptosis was induced by high levels of annexin V+ve cells and aggregation of cells in Sub-G1 population. Thus both the extracts PGM and PGH inhibited the proliferation and induced apoptosis through inhibition of NF-ĸB pathway and its related apoptotic genes (XIAP, Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, survivin and cyclin D1). Caspase-3 activation through PGM and PGH also indicated the persuasion of apoptosis. It was observed that PGM and PGH repudiate IĸBα phosphorylation and constitutive NF-ĸB activation in MDA-MB 231 cells. Furthermore, PGM and PGH also prevent the metastatic ability of MDA-MB 231 cells evaluated through wound healing and invasion assay. Present study concludes that selected medicinal plants of Pakistan have strong antimicrobial, antifungal, antioxidant and anticancer potential; these plants specifically P. grandiflora should be further analyzed completely through isolation and characterization of active secondary metabolites responsible for all these activities
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مولانا حافظ عبدالعزیز

مولانا حافظ عبدالعزیز
یہ سطور ابھی زیر تحریر ہی تھیں کہ جامعہ اشرفیہ مبارکپور کے سربراہ اعلیٰ مولانا حافظ عبدالعزیز کی وفات کی اطلاع ملی ان کی عمر اسی سال سے متجادز تھی، مگر ابھی خیال نہ تھا کہ وقت موعود اتنا قریب آچکا ہے، وہ بریلوی مدرسۂ فکر سے تعلق رکھتے تھے، مگر مزاج میں اتنا اعتدال تھا کہ دوسرے حلقہ کے لوگوں سے بھی خندہ پیشانی اور فراخ دلی سے ملتے تھے، علمی مشاغل کے ساتھ عبادت وریاضت سے بھی خاص شغف تھا، راقم الحروف نے ۱۹۶۸؁ء کے موسم حج میں ہندوستانی سفارت خانہ کی ایک تقریب میں پہلی بار انھیں دیکھا تھا، اور ان کی سادگی، احتیاط، اور زاہدانہ زندگی سے متاثر ہوا تھا، اﷲ تعالیٰ ان کے ساتھ رحمت و مغفرت فرمائے، اور ان کے اہل و عیال اور عقیدت مندوں کو صبر جمیل اور دین و ملت کی پر خلوص خدمت کی توفیق عطا فرمائے۔ (’’ع ۔ق‘‘، جون ۱۹۷۶ء)یہ سطور ابھی زیر تحریر ہی تھیں کہ جامعہ اشرفیہ مبارکپور کے سربراہ اعلیٰ مولانا حافظ عبدالعزیز کی وفات کی اطلاع ملی ان کی عمر اسی سال سے متجادز تھی، مگر ابھی خیال نہ تھا کہ وقت موعود اتنا قریب آچکا ہے، وہ بریلوی مدرسۂ فکر سے تعلق رکھتے تھے، مگر مزاج میں اتنا اعتدال تھا کہ دوسرے حلقہ کے لوگوں سے بھی خندہ پیشانی اور فراخ دلی سے ملتے تھے، علمی مشاغل کے ساتھ عبادت وریاضت سے بھی خاص شغف تھا، راقم الحروف نے ۱۹۶۸؁ء کے موسم حج میں ہندوستانی سفارت خانہ کی ایک تقریب میں پہلی بار انھیں دیکھا تھا، اور ان کی سادگی، احتیاط، اور زاہدانہ زندگی سے متاثر ہوا تھا، اﷲ تعالیٰ ان کے ساتھ رحمت و مغفرت فرمائے، اور ان کے اہل و عیال اور عقیدت مندوں کو صبر جمیل اور دین و ملت کی پر خلوص خدمت کی...

Cardiovascular Effects of Nigella Sativa on Isolated Rabbit Heart and its Impact on Cardiac Remodeling

Background: Black Cumin/Nigella sativa (NS) which belongs to the botanical family of Ranunculaceae commonly grows in Eastern Europe, the Middle East, and Western Asia. Its prolonged use can produce physiological changes with or without affecting the architecture of different organs like the heart (cardiac remodeling). The data for the cardiovascular benefits of black cumin are not well-established scientifically. Objectives: To determine the direct cardiovascular effects of Nigella Sativa extract on heart rate, cardiac contractility (apical force), ECG, and coronary flow in the normal heart with and without cardiac remodeling. Methods: This experimental study was conducted on forty-two (42) rabbits. These rabbits were divided into seven groups, each comprising six animals (Group I-VI without cardiac remodeling and Group VII with cardiac remodeling). NS was given to these groups in different doses i.e, Group I (NS=10ug), Group II (NS=30ug), Group III (NS=100ug), Group IV (NS=300ug), Group V (NS=3000ug), Group VI (NS=10000ug) and VII (NS=300ug). Radnoti's working heart system was used to determine the effects of NS on heart rate, cardiac contractility (apical Force), ECG, and coronary flow in a normal heart with and without cardiac remodeling. The results were analyzed using SPSS version 28.   Results: Results of this study revealed negative chronotropic and positive inotropic effects without ECG changes in the normal heart and with ECG changes in the remodeled heart. Conclusions: Prolonged use of Nigella sativa can lead to disturbed ECG by affecting the conducting tissue.

Investigating Competency Level of Field Assistants for Agricultural Development in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

Effective extension services plays pivotal role in upgrading socio and economic condition of the farmers. In this era of economic and technological advancement, Field Assistants are required to be competent regarding emerging challenges in agriculture because they are the frontline soldiers in assisting farming community. This situation demands to assess the possessed level of competencies and identify new competencies required for them to satisfy the diverse needs of farming community in 21st century. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the competency level of Field Assistants of Agriculture Extension Department required for their effective task performance. The objectives of the study were to assess the possessed and required level of competency, areas for training needs and influence of demographic characteristics on their competency development. A total of 234 respondents were selected based on Sekaran sampling technique out of total 543 Field Assistant staff of the department. Furthermore, proportional allocation method was applied to select the respondents from four Agro-ecological zones of the province. Data from the respondents were collected through pre-tested and validated interview schedule. Mean, standard deviation, paired sample t-test and dummy variable regression model were used to accomplish the study objectives. Results showed that top most possessed technical competencies were ability to identify moisture content requirements for seed germination, familiarity with macro nutrient fertilizers and familiarity with primary tillage implements. Moreover, among crops, vegetables and fruits; highly possessed competencies were “understanding the agro-climatic condition requirements of crops”, familiarity with sowing timings of vegetables and understanding fruits plantation techniques respectively. Among plant protection competencies; identifying major insect pests of crops/vegetables/fruits was highly possessed competency regarding insect pests/diseases competency and familiarity with names of commonly occurring weeds in weed competency. Moreover, it was found that Field Assistants possessed low level competency in using Global Positioning System (GPS) device for soil sampling, measurement of soil pH and its reclamation, minimize post-harvest losses, training and propagation of fruit plants and diagnose the causes of low yield in vegetables that were required at high level for their task performance as perceived by them. Highly significant difference (P≤0.01) was reported between the possessed and required level of understanding adverse effect of water pH on crops, understanding nutrient contents of fertilizers, biological and cultural control of pests. Highest training needs in professional competency were reported in use of Information and Communication Technologies, use of audiovisual materials and ability of motivating farmers. vii Regression analysis showed that rural domicile, job experience, and master level education of the Field Assistants have positive and significant effect on the development of their competency. The top ranked constraints which the respondents faced in building the required competency were lack of promotion, training opportunities and incentives or motivation. It was concluded that respondents needed utmost training regarding emerging challenges in the technical competencies while providing advisory services to farming community. Therefore, it is suggested that Human Resource Development section may be established in the department that would perform regular training needs analysis of the Field Assistants so that in-service training should be provided to them regarding identified competencies. Similarly, it is suggested that curriculum of the Field Assistants diploma course should be updated regarding emerging challenges of the province.