The population of Quetta city and surroundings is almost totally dependent upon groundwater, which is abstracted from the aquifer system of the valley through tube wells. Due to overdraft of groundwater the aquifer system is under tremendous stress. The water table is declining continuously at an increasing rate. The average decline in water table in 2007 was about one meter. The situation is quite alarming and points towards the danger of the complete depletion of the aquifer system. To study the problem in-depth, the aquifer system of Quetta valley was evaluated through integrated application of geophysical methods and groundwater flow modeling. Geometry of an aquifer is a prerequisite for groundwater flow modeling, but there was no data available about the depth to bedrock, therefore, electrical resistivity, seismic reflection and gravity methods were employed. GM SYS; a gravity software of Northwest Geophysical Associates, USA was used for modeling of gravity data and the depth to bedrock determined through interpretation of electrical resistivity and seismic reflection data was used as constraint in the modeling. From the results of gravity modeling a map of depth to bedrock was prepared. For groundwater flow modeling Visual MODFLOW of the Waterloo Hydrogeologic Inc., Canada was used. The aquifer system of the valley was simulated by a simplified model consisting only of two layers, the top layer for the unconsolidated and semi-consolidated rocks aquifers and bottom layer for the consolidated rocks aquifers. Data of the depth to bedrock were put into the groundwater flow model as the bottom of the top layer. The model was successfully calibrated against the water table observation data from 1955 to 1995. Calibration was performed under both the steady and transient conditions. Verification of the model was done with the observation data from 1996 to 2007. With the assumption that the natural conditions of recharge and discharge will not change in future, four future scenarios differing only in the abstraction of groundwater were prepared. These scenarios were simulated and predictions by the model were made for the period 2008 to 2030. Results of the study show that groundwater abstraction is too much high in comparison to recharge of the aquifer, therefore negative water balance will continue and that water table will decline necessarily despite of attempting efforts to arrest it. At the most the decline in water table can be slowed down by keeping the groundwater abstraction at the level of 2007.
اختر انیس ناظرین معارف کو یہ خبر سن کر بہت رنج ہوگا کہ جناب اختر انیس سینئر جنرل منیجر بی۔سی۔سی۔آئی نے لندن میں انتقال کیا، ان کا وطن اعظم گڑھ تھا اور وہ دارالمصنفین کے سب سے زیادہ حاضر باش جناب امین الدین صاحب مرحوم کے خویش تھے، اختر انیس مرحوم بڑے متین و سنجیدہ شخص تھے، بڑے عہدہ پر ہونے کے باوجود ان میں غرور و تمکنت نام کو بھی نہ تھی۔ ان کی وفات سے دارالمصنفین اپنے ایک بہت مخلص ہواخواہ سے محروم ہوگیا، اﷲ تعالیٰ ان کو جنت الفردوس عطا فرمائے، آمین۔ (ضیاء الدین اصلاحی، جولائی ۱۹۸۸ء)
An Efforts to improve the morality of learners are always conducted in education. Educational institutions are morally obligated to increase personality development of their students. SDN Inpres Bumi Bahari Kec. Palu Barat through the implementation of school rules, intends to form the character of learners. This circumstance is the basis of this research. This research based on descriptive qualitative methods. The Source of data obtained from principals, teachers, and Learners. This research used varieties methods such as observation, interviews, and documentations in data collecting process. Furthermore, data that has been netted, analyzed using data reduction techniques, data display, and data verification. The results of the study concluded that the application of school rules can shape the behavior of learners to be a good personality. The behavior of learners is directed towards moral learner. The process of character building of learners finds some barriers because learners have a different understanding of school rules order. In addition, many students have a strong influence of the habits they bring from their homes, so they are not familiar with the rules set by their school.
Climate change is a change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns when that change lasts for an extended period. Climate change and agriculture are interrelated processes and effect in number of ways. Pakistan has long spells of drought which, experts believe, are a result of climate change. Citrus fruits are one of the largest fruit crops in the world. In Pakistan ample availability of natural resources provides the favorable regime for the development of citrus industry. Citrus problem faces several problems including biotic and abiotic stresses. Role of rootstocks in citrus is one of the most debatable and discussed issues and its selection is a major consideration under planning any citrus orchard. Present research was planned for genetic characterization and evaluation of modern rootstocks tolerant/resistant to selected abiotic stresses i.e., drought and high temperature. Experiments were conducted to screen out various modern citrus rootstocks including local commercial rootstocks (Rough lemon and Sour orange) against high temperature and water stress. Drought was induced based on field capacity of citrus rootstock relative to water requirement of citrus, high temperature stress was applied with relative to five years maximum temperature range. Four-month-old uniform seedlings were selected for the stress treatments. Gas exchange parameters were recorded at four different times. Horticultural parameters, plant water status and chlorophyll fluorescence at different wavelength was recorded of stresses. From overall results it was concluded that Brazilian sour orange and Keen sour orange showed tolerance against selected stresses and Savage citrange and Yuma citrange were susceptible against the stresses. For the confirmation of tolerance, expression of stress related genes was tested. Proper detailed bioinformatic analysis were performed for the selection of primer related to heat shock protein and major intrinsic proteins. One tolerant (Brazilian sour orange) and one susceptible (Savage citrange) was selected for the genetic expression analysis against the heat shock proteins (CsHsp70, CsHsp70.1 and CsHsp90) and major intrinsic proteins (CsPIP2, CsTIP2 and CsTIP1). Genetic expression of genes showed Brazilian sour orange with high expression level of Hsp70 and Hsp90 against the temperature stress. MIP such as P1P and T1P depicted high expression against the water stress and both Hsp and MIP expression under combined drought and temperature stress. It can be concluded from the study that Brazilian sour orange was tolerant against high temperature and water stress, but Savage orange was susceptible.