Root diseases either soil or seed borne poses serious implications on seed germination and subsequently plant growth and development. The attack of root diseases in earlier stages of the crop completely destroys the crop resulting in unrecoverable losses. Biological control offers great potential to resist the pathogenic microbes to develop in rhizosphere subsequently reducing the attack. However persistency and sustainable number of biological control agent must be there to fight against the pathogens. In this study we determined the biochar as a carrier of antagonistic rhizobacteria and how much effective biochar is in sustaining the bacterial count in the rhizosphere and also during storage. We further determined the effect of biochar on root nodulating factors that are being altered by biochar alone and also with bacterial inoculant. This study was initiated with survey to determine the prevalence, incidence and severity of major fungal root pathogens infecting chickpea crop in major chickpea growing areas of Punjab i.e. districts Layyah and Bhakkar. Surveys were conducted during year 2013-14 and 2014-15 in the months of November to March. From each district twenty areas and three fields from each area were visited making total 120 fields. Results revealed 100% prevalence of root diseases in every single field and average highest incidence in Layyah was 60.05% and in Bhakkar it was 57.5%. The minimum and maximum incidence in Layyah and Bhakkar was 52%-72%, 48%-76% and 48%-76%, 50%-70% during 2013-14 and 2014-15 respectively. Disease severity ranged from 1-4 in almost every area/field visited. Collected samples retrieved five fungal pathogens and the most frequent was F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceri, with average highest frequency of 88.5% followed by M. phaseolina and Verticillium spp. with 46.5% and 24.5% respectively. Results xxii elucidated that fungal pathogens associated to roots of chickpea pose serious implications on growth and productivity of chickpea. The rhizobacteria i.e. Paenibacillus illinoisensis Rh-31 and Mesorhizobium ciceri antagonistic to fungal pathogens were inoculated to several biochar (Wheat straw (WS), Sheesham wood (SW), Sugarcane bagasse (SB) and Acacia wood (AW)) and their concentration was investigated at regular intervals of 30 days till 180 days. Highest bacterial count (cfu/g) was obtained with SB biochar even after 180 days. It was noticed that biochar held much more bacterial cells as compared to peat and pH of the carrier material seemed to be the key factor in determining the ability of compound to serve as carrier. The impact of carrier materials on disease and plant growth was studied under greenhouse conditions. SB Biochar with rhizobacteria showed significant results in decreasing the disease incidence and increasing plant growth. The effect of biochar on nodulating genes was studied by qPCR and it was noticed that expression of all genes was upregulated in real time PCR and synergistic treatments (Mesorhizobium ciceri + SB biochar) plants showed noteworthy difference from non-inoculated and independently treated with rhizobia and biochar plants. Further testing of biochar under field conditions also showed better growth as compared to non-treated plants. Therefore on the basis of results it is concluded that sugarcane bagasse biochar can be used as a good carrier material of bacterial inoculant for long term storage and also for application in the field.
ملا رموزی دوسراحادثہ ملا رموزی کی وفات کا ہے، ان کا اصل نام احمد صدیق تھا، مگر ادبی دنیا میں ملا رموزی کے نام سے مشہور تھے، بھوپال وطن تھا، اور مدرسہ الٰہیات کانپور میں تعلیم پائی تھی، مگر حصولِ تعلیم کے بعد خالص ادبی زندگی اختیار کی، وہ اردو میں ایک خاص مزاحیہ طرز کے موجد تھے، جس کانام انھوں نے گلابی اردو رکھا تھا، اور جو انہی کے ساتھ ختم ہوگیا، ایک زمانہ میں یہ طرز بہت مقبول تھا، مگر ادھر چند برسوں سے اس کا رنگ پھیکا پڑگیا تھا، اور مرحوم کے قلم میں وہ تازگی اور جولانی باقی نہیں رہ گئی تھی، وفات کے وقت پچاس سے کچھ اوپر عمر رہی ہوگی جو علمی دنیا کے لئے گویا شباب کی عمر ہے، مگر اتنی ہی عمر میں مرحوم نے شہرت و خمول کے سارے مدارج طے کرلیے تھے، اور بالآخر گذشتہ مہینہ زندگی کا آخری مرحلہ بھی طے ہوگیا، والبقاء ﷲ وحدہ۔ (شاہ معین الدین ندوی، فروری ۱۹۵۲ء)
Youth is the real asset of any nation as it plays an important and significant role in the development of society. Youngsters are the future of any nation as they take the charge of the promotion and progress of the society. If youth of a nation stands corrupted the entire nation slides into regression and decadence. But if the youth of a society treads the right path the entire nation succeeds both here and hereafter. Adolescence is a time when a person undergoes changes both physically intellectually. This study was basically designed to explore the role of young companions of Holy Prophet (ﷺ) in the defense and development of Islamic state Madīnah. The approach applied for the collection and analysis of data was qualitative and descriptive. The review of literature uncovered that the young companions, progress the in role cardinal a played (صلى الله عليه وسلم) Muhammad Prophet of advancement, defense, and development of the society. The Holy Prophet young of education and training the towards attention special paid (صلى الله عليه وسلم) companion which enhanced their capacity and level of motivation and led them to work with enthusiasm. The kind behavior of our Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) enabled them to transform their selves, their families, Meccah, Madīnah and the surroundings of the these sacred cities. Within the shortest possible period they spread the peaceful message of Islam and brought a positive change in the society and particularly established the peace in Madīnah. They built a strong defense of Madīnah from internal and external challenges and laid strong foundations for social, moral, economic and political development of the Islamic state Madīnah. It is, therefore, recommended to encourage the youth of Pakistan to make them realize their duties towards Pakistan and Islam so that they can play a significant role in the development and progress of Islam and Pakistan.
Natural dietary modifications are charismatically used as a first line therapy for treating several
diseases. The present study was conducted to examine the antihyperlipidemic effect of herbs
Psyllium Husk and Moringa oleifera in rabbits fed with high fat diet. A total of (n=30) rabbits
were subjected to five treatment groups with (n=6) animals in each group. The Group I-V were
kept under different dose administrations. After eight weeks of experimentation, the blood and
tissue samples were tested for biochemical and histopathological analysis. Histopathological
studies revealed that MO and PH are hepato-protective and nephro-protective as well. The
findings were collaborated with the facts that MO and PH exhibited therapeutic properties against
serum lipid parameters. The LDL, TC, TG and Glucose levels were suppressed to significant
value P=0.05. It was also inferred that MO and PH elevated the concentrations of good
cholesterol HDL. It was suggested that both herbs possessed bioactive compounds like
antioxidants that are curative and preventive in nature and might be helpful in lowering
secondary hyperlipidemia.