Natural products have been the mainstay in treating debilitating and multipronged diseases since the dawn of medicine. The current study was designed to isolate and characterize biologically active lead compounds from an underexplored medicinal folklore Quercus dilatata L. Total 42 extracts from each of the aerial parts, nut shells and galls were prepared using sonication aided maceration as the extraction procedure. The extract library was subjected to a range of phytochemical and in vitro bioassays in order to identify most functional plant part and extraction solvent for preparative extraction. Phytochemical investigation comprised of standard colorimetric assays to determine phenolic and flavonoid contents while, RP-HPLC was carried out to establish polyphenolic profile. MTT assay was employed to determine leishmanicidic activity against Leishmania tropica whereas disc diffusion assay was performed to elucidate antibacterial, antifungal and protein kinase inhibitory spectrum. Starch-iodine chromogenic assay determined the α-amylase inhibitory potential while brine shrimp lethality. MTT and SRB assays were used to find cytotoxic potential of the subject plant. Among all extracts, maximum gallic acid equivalent phenolics and quercetin equivalent flavonoids were quantified in distilled water-acetone aerial parts extract (21.37±0.21 μg GAE/mg DW) and methanol-ethyl acetate galls extract (5.28±0.30 µg QE/mg DW) respectively. RP-HPLC revealed the presence of substantial amount of various phenolics (from 0.049±0.01 to 15.336±1.55 μg/mg extract) including pyrocatechol, gallic acid, catechin, chlorogenic acid, pcoumaric acid, ferulic acid and quercetin in aerial parts extracts. Maximum reducing power potential and total antioxidant capacity was recorded in methanol-ethyl acetate and distilled water extract of galls i.e. 50.76±1.0 and 48.57±1.1 µg AAE/mg DW respectively. Highest free radical scavenging efficiency was exhibited by methanolethyl acetate aerial parts extract (IC50 8.1±0.5 µg/ml). A noteworthy leishmanicidic potential (IC50 12.91 μg/ml) was exhibited by the ethyl acetate-acetone aerial parts extract whereas, maximum antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (MIC 12.5 µg/ml) was manifested by ethyl acetate aerial parts extract. Substantial protein kinase (PK) inhibition (28±0.35 mm of bald zone of inhibition) was exhibited by methanol extract of aerial parts. Ethyl acetate galls extract showed 52.5±2.75% inhibition of α-amylase activity. Chloroform-methanol aerial parts extract showed maximum cytotoxicity against brine shrimp larvae with IC50 value of 34.54 μg/ml while significant cytotoxicity against THP-1 and Hep G2 cells was shown by nhexane and ethanol aerial part extracts with inhibition of 46.73±0.85% and 82.52±1.45% respectively. Keeping in view the abovementioned results, aerial part was selected for preparative extraction with chloroform-methanol (1:1) as its extraction solvent. Preparative extract (QDC) was partitioned through solvent-solvent extraction and the resulting fractions (QDN, QDE, QDB, QDA) were biologically evaluated to prospect fraction hits for lead development. Maximum α-amylase and leishmanisidic activities were revealed by QDE i.e. 52.44±3.21% and 83.0±2.35% respectively. QDN was found to possess maximum cytotoxic activities against MCF-7 (50.7±3.24%), MDA-MB 231 (40.0±2.31%) and Hep G2 (46.3±1.54%) cell lines whereas, QDB had the highest free radical scavenging potential (IC50 17.55 µg/ml). Maximum inhibition of TNF-α activated NF-κB (67.90±3.27%) and NO production in LPS-activated murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells (84.90±2.01%) was shown by QDE. QDN was found to be most active in aromatase inhibition assay (61.11±3.76%) and quinone reductase 1 induction assay (induction ratio=7). On the basis of aforementioned results, QDN was selected as hit fraction for leads isolation and was subjected to normal phase gravity and medium pressure liquid column chromatography to yield 4 compounds (QDN2, QDN4, QDN5 and QDN9). Biological evaluation of compounds suggested that maximum α-amylase, PK and antipromastigote activities were presented in case of QDN5 i.e. 19.5±2.30%, 6.5±0.10 mm ZOI and 48.0±2.30% respectively. Likewise, QDN5 showed maximum inhibition against MCF-7 (54.2±1.54%), MDA-MB-231 (43.7±2.40%) and Hep G2 (45.2±3.50%) cancer cell lines. QDN5 showed maximum cancer chemopreventive proficiency via inhibition of NF-κB (65.42±9.70%) and NO production (78.0±1.10%) assays followed by QDN2 with 63.0±5.30 and 65.1±3.20% inhibition of NO production and NF-κB respectively. X-ray crystallographic and spectroscopic studies characterized the structure of QDN2, QDN4 QDN5 and QDN9 as friedelin, 3epifriedelinol, glutinol and taraxerol respectively. In principle, the results of the current study endorses Q. dilatata as a substantial source of bioactive lead compounds.
یہ اقبال کے خطبات پر مشتمل ہے۔ خطبات نہایت فلسفیانہ ہیں۔ اقبال نے مدراس ، میسور اور علی گڑھ میں چھ خطبے دیے۔ پہلی باران چھ خطبات کا مجموعہ سامنے آیا۔ پھر لندن میں ایک خطبہ اور دیا گیا۔ اس طرح یہ کل سات خطبات کا مجموعہ ہے۔سید نذیر نیازی نے 1958ء میں اس کا اردو ترجمہ لاہور سے شائع کیا۔ اور بھی کئی لوگوں نے اپنے اپنے انداز میں اپنا نقطہ نظر واضح کرنے کے لیے ترجمہ کیا ہے۔ حقیقت یہ ہے کہ ان خطبات سے اقبال کے فکری مباحث کو سمجھنے میں آسانی ہوتی ہے۔ یہ تینوں نثری کتب اقبال کی زندگی میں شائع ہو چکی تھیں ۔ ترجمے کے علاوہ خطبات کا ترجمہ ” تشکیل جدید البیات اسلامیہ“ کے نام سے بعد میں سامنے آیا۔
اردو اور ہندی کا لسانی اشتراک و افتراق Initially was only language used to express human ideas. In every age, along with customs and traditions, language also went through stages of evaluation. That is why language of each region is unique. This uniqueness of languages is of its identity. Like human beings, languages also have their own families, and different languages grow as sub- branches of language family. They flourish and sometimes thrive and come to life through process of evolution. When some languages die out. Urdu and Hindi also belong to large languages families. They have a deep relationship. And speaking of same relationship, some tinkers do not separate them from each other. When it sometimes thinkers, there is difference between in the two. At a glance, we will mention the linguistic similarities and difference between Urdu and Hindi. Where are places and where there is difference between them, but all of them are mentioned here.
The current research was conducted to investigate relationship between workplace harassment and posttraumatic stress symptoms among Pakistani female healthcare professionals. Survey research design was used. The purposive sample was composed of 300 female healthcare professionals within age range from 20 to 59 years (100 doctors, 100 house-job doctors and 100 certified nurses). The sample was drawn from five different public hospitals (Mayo Hospital, Ganga Ram Hospital, Jinnah Hospital, Lady Willington Hospital and Sheikh Zayed Hospital) of Lahore city. Written consent was individually obtained from all the participants. Björkquist, Osterman and Hjelt- Beck‘s (1992) Work Harassement Scale (WHS), Kamal and Tariq ̳s (1997) Sexual Harassment Experience Questionnaire (SHEQ) and Weathers, Litz, Herman, Huska and Keane‘s (1993) PTSD Civilian Checklist (PCL-C) were individually administered to the participants to determine their reported workplace harassment and posttraumatic stress symptoms. Written permission was granted by the authors to the researcher for use of WHS (1992); SHEQ (1997); and PCL-C (1993) in the current research project. The SPSS (version 14.0) was used. Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient was performed to determine the relationship between workplace harassment and posttraumatic stress symptoms reported by the female healthcare professionals. The findings suggested significant positive relationship between general workplace harassment and posttraumatic stress symptoms (r = .52, **p < .01); and sexual harassment and posttraumatic stress symptoms (r = .65, **p < .01). Hierarchical Multiple Regression analysis was performed to determine the impact of demographic variables (age, education, job status, job experience, monthly income, marital status) and workplace harassment on posttraumatic stress symptoms. The results indicated that workplace harassment and sexual harassment were thestrongest predictors for posttraumatic stress symptoms, whereas, none of the demographic variables accounted for variance. Furthermore, the results suggest statistically significant differences in posttraumatic stress symptoms reported by all the participants who were exposed to serious general and sexual workplace harassment, moderate workplace harassment and minimal workplace harassment. The findings of this research would promote our understanding of the relationship among workplace harassment, posttraumatic stress symptoms and the demographic variables; such as age, job status, education and marital status of the female doctors, house-job doctors and nurses in the Pakistani healthcare system. Furthermore, these findings have implications for the prevention of workplace harassment and posttraumatic stress symptoms as well as introduction of timely interventions for the promotion of mental health of the victims of workplace harassment in the Pakistani healthcare system.